En analysant le système et le programme d'étude de l'enseignement supérieur de gèographie en France, on constate, qu'à la f aculté, la balance entre l'enseignement et la recherche s'incline davantage vers celui-lá que vers celle-ci. Presque tour les professeurs de l'université ont un titre leur permettant d'enseigner daps le second degré et très souvent ils ont l'expérience de cet enseignement. La plupart des étudiants travaillent pour obtenir un titre élevé d'enseignant du second degré comme le CAPES ou l'agrégation. Les cours et les travaux pratiques sont organisés de telle sorte qu'ils préparent surtout les étudiants à devenir de futurs enseignants.
A cause de cette tendance, on ne peut pas trouver, sauf chez les assistants, le corps de jeunes chercheurs qui pourrait exploiter les champs nouveaux de la géographie et, à un viveau moms élevé que celui des professeurs, communiquer aver les étudiants et leur inspirer les nouvelles méthodes et les nouvelles notions de cette science. Les nouveaux licenciés ou maîtres en France ne sont pas assurés de continuer leur recherche pour laquelle il est absolument nécessaire de poursuivre ses idées originelles et souples avec la passion de découvrir de nouveaux domaines d'une science parcequ'ils doivent s'engager au concours du CAPES ou de l'agrégation et qu'ils sont obligés d'abandonner pendant quelques années leur recherche.
Une fois un étudiant recu à l'agrégation, par exemple, i1 quitte la faculté pour l'enseignement. Pour préparer sa thèse il doit travailler séparément souvent dans un coin de province. Il peut consulter son professeur mais le manque de discussion et de communication entre lui et des camarades de son niveau retarde 1'achèvement de ses études et peut même 1'en décourager. En effet le nombre des soutenances de thèses n'augmente pas autant que le nombre de géographes en France. Cette tendance empêche les jeunes géographes d'entrer dans une carrière différente de celle de l'enseignant. Mais il faut ajouter que les enseignants français du second degré sont paradoxalement très ou trop spécialisés en géographie par rapport à leurs collegues japonais, parcequ'il y a en France uniqument de 1'histoire et de la géographie au programme du concours. Mais à l'Université de Tokyo, il faut passer des épreuves de droit, science économique, sociologie, psychologie pédagogique, méthode d'enseignement des sciences sociales et trois semaines de pratique d'enseignement en présence du professeur.
Mais en effet parmis les anciens étudiants de 1'Université de Tokyo on ne peut trouver que peu d'enseignants du second degré qui sont fournis d'universités privées ou d'université d'état ex-école normale. A 1'Université de Tokyo, comme le montre le tableau 1, il y a chaque année environ 12 Gaku-shi (licenciés, équivalent à la maîtrise française). Sur ces 12, 8 au plus sont reçus au concours d'entrée en cours de Shu-shi (maître), assistent aux séminaires et préparent une thèse pendant deux ans, vivant de la bourse. Ayant soutenu la thèse de maîtrise, 6 au plus de ces nouveaux Shu-shi sont admis au cours de doctorat. Ils restent alors à 1'université et continuent leurs études comme chercheurs non pour un examen mais pour une thèse.

View full abstract

With increasing water demands for industrial use since about 1960, water problems in many industrial areas has been seriously discussed in Japan.
Of all the industrial water supplies in our country, the amount of groundwater used in 1964 reached to 43% of the total, excluding re-using one, followed by 23% from surface water and 10% from munisipal water. The following reasons are considered in general for this high percentage of the groundwater use.
1. Groundwater can be used by private enterprises without any troublesome adjustments on water rights.
2. As a facility of water supply, the well has an advantage that it can be constructed freely at any places convenient to consumers within a groundwater basin.
3. More stable supply can be expected throughout the year compared with surface water.
4. The cost of groundwater is the cheapest of all the water resources.
The primary purpose of this study is to point out some regional characteristics of ground-water use for industry in the Gakunan district, Shizuoka prefecture, situated in the south-western foot of Mt. Fuji (Fig. 1).
The main reasons why this district was chosen as the investigation area are as follows.
1. This district has been considered to be abundant in groundwater resources.
2. Water-orientd pulp and paper industries which occupy almost all of the present industrial water demand in this district (Fig. 2) have grown up depending chiefly on the abundant groundwater resources. Now the groundwater occupies as much as 80% of the total of the industrial water.
3. Because of the strictly established riparian water rights for irrigation and electric power, an insignificant amount of surface water has been used for industry (Fig. 3).
4. At the present stage, the amount of groundwater used for industry in this district is the greatest in our country.
In order to attain the object of this study, the author analyzed the characteristics of distribution of wells for industrial use and the process of groundwater development. He investigated depth, discharge and site for 433 wells whose discharge are over 500m³/ day. Among these wells, constructed year was also investigated for representative 229 wells.
A distribution map of 433 wells, in which the depth of wells are indicated by different symbols, is shown in Figure 4. In this figure, ordinary wells are distinguished from exterior wells. The former is the one located within the operation site, and the latter is at the outside of the operation site.
Judging from this map showing the intensive groundwater use for industry, the follow ing points are cleared up.
1. The areas of heaviest density of wells correspond to the leading industrial centers, such as Yoshiwara, Fuji, and Takaoka, because each factory has wells within the operation site. 2. A few exterior wells, however, can be found along the Urui River, the Numa River and the Taki River apart from the industrial centers. 3. According to the depth of wells, the district is divided into two parts by the Wada River; relatively shallow wells are in the west and deeper ones in the east. But there exists no relationship between the discharge and the depth of well. (Fig. 5).
Based on the constructed year of 228 wells (Table 3), the author classified the stage of groundwater development into the following three; first stage: before 1949, second stage from 1950 to 1960 and third stage: after 1961. Main characteristics in each stage are summalized as follows.
First Stage Abundant groundwater resources existed in this district, and many springs and artesian wells were found in every places. Utilizing these abundant groundwater resources, a few paper mills were founded in this district after 1920. This is the beginning of industrialization of this district. In this stage there were no shortage of groundwater resources for these factories.

View full abstract

The results of a morphometric (area-altitude) analysis of the drainage basins located on the clear-cut steep slope of the western side of the Ikoma Range show the value of hypsometric integral ranging from 0.397 to 0.564, and on this account they belong to the equilibrium stage defined by S_TRAHLER.
Nevertheless, the magnitude of integral for the basins is affected rather strongly by altitudinal change in contour length. At a higher part, the length becomes larger, resulting in a greater integral, and the reverse is also true. It is also easy to prove this fact theoretically.
In order to eliminate the effect of the contour length, we may employ the averaged profile, which is obtained as a cumulative curve of mean ground slopes and approximated by a cumulative curve of normal distribution with standard deviation σ and mean μ. For the purpose of quantitative representation for the degree of dissection as designated on the topographic map, magnitude of σ and μ are more suitable than integral.
They clearly depend upon the area of drainage basins. This perhaps means that erosional force acts more intensely in the basins with a larger area, and that the beginning time of erosion or the age of scarp formation for each basin must not so differ as to overcome the effect of intensity of erosional force proportional to the drainage area.

View full abstract