1. Es wäre bedeutungsvoll, die Territorien der verschiedenen Staaten im Altertums, z. B. japanische Kuni, chinesische Koku and römische civitas, in geographischer Hinsicht zu vergleichen. Ursprünglich sind diese formale Territorien auf die substantive Raum des Stammes (=A), die Vereinigung der einigen pagi (germanisch. Gau, japanisch. go=die untereste Einheit der Landschaft im Altertums) zuri ckzuführen. Im Umfang dieser alters Staaten ist es merkwürdig, sick die gemeinsame Züge zu befinden. Wenn wir einen Kreis mit 60-80km Radius vom Zentrum zeichnen, sind die größere Teile dieser Territorien fast eingeschloßen. Dies spricht dafür, daß ein Strecke der Fußreise am Tage von der Mitte bis zur Landesgrenze auf die Umfang dieser Landschaften (=B) wirkt.
2. Im historischen Lauf dauerten manchmal die Hauptorte der römischen civitates immer als Bischofssitze and wirtschaftsu. politische Zentren and heute noch als größere Städte existieren. Die meisten Hauptorte des japanischen Kuni sind aber schon seit dem Zerfall der altertumlichen Staatsorganisation heruntergekommen. Das kommt davon, daß die Steinbauten wie in Europa fehlten in der Hauptorten der Kuni, wo das Baumaterial meistens emn Holz war.
3. Hinter dem römischen Limes, wo sich keine römische civitas bildete, entwickelten sich gerade die Stammstaaten, d.h. die spater die Herzogtümer der fräkischen Königstums geworden sind. Dafür sind im Gallien and Japan frühestens “provincia” and “do” als ein obereste Verwaltungseinheit organisiert. In dieser Landschaften (=C) ist es deutlich, daß manchmal 300-500km. lang an der damaligen Straßen die längste Breite der dicht besiedelten Lebensraume ist. Bemerkenswert ist einmal, daß die Entstehung dieser Landschaften auf die Entwicklung des Verkehrs aufs Pferde basiert. In Japan war die Reiterkultur im 4. u. 5. Jahrhunderten vom chinesischen Kontinent geführt worden, wie es in Germanien früher vom Osten.
4. Auf die Entwicklungsreihe der Landschaften A-B-C können wir emn der Systeme von Landschaftsgenetik erkennen.

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Once the Hachiro-gata was the second biggest lake in Japan, having the area of 22, 040 ha. But because of the national reclamation since 1957, there appeared a new land of 15, 870 ha in the centre, and of 1, 586 ha along the coast (West Polder, South Polder, East Polder and North Folder). Now the adjustment basin which is allowed to remain is about one-fifth as large as the old one.
Out of the reclaimed land along the coast, 1, 049 ha was already distributed among 2, 360 farming households (26% of the whole coast) for either a new plantation or an addition to the already cultured ground.
Previous to the completion of the Central Polder in May, '66, the Ogata Village was newly born in October, '64 together with New Farming Village Construction Corporation of Hachiro-gata in August, '65. A part of the Central Polder is served as a national experimental farm where the practical training on the grand mechanized scale was given last Autumn to the 57 candidates for the first settlement due to November this year. In a few years about 13, 000 ha of the rice fields will appear (of which 2, 000 ha is the addition distributed among the coast farmers) and 1, 350 farming households will be planted. They will make, together with 750 non-farming households, the Ogata Village of 2, 100 households with the population of about 10, 000.
Before the reclamation farming households rated 65% along the coast, and that 30% of them lived chiefly on fishing with farming as side work. Now the changes since then can be described as follows;
1. By the contribution of the rice fields made up by the reclamation the farming area is naturally increased and so is the number of the farming households. As for the scale of farming area, the one ha households increased, making obscure the old tendency of the disolution of the middle into two extremes. Chief features of the side job of the farmers on the coast used to be lake-fishery and seasonal labour in industrial regions of the country. Now the former is greatly reduced, the latter restricted to the north-western part, and the increase of labourers engaged in construction work is conspicuous.
2. Owing to the reduction of the lake surface and a new restriction on the lake-fishery, the lake fishing is subjected to a great curtalilment with catch reduced to half or one-third of old time. On the other hand a raising fishery corparation was established and so the fishery here is now promoted under a new system.
3. The inhabitants of these coast villages naturally used to depend both on fishery and agriculture. Now with the decay of the lake-fishery their dependency on the former is rapidly giving place to that on agriculture.
4. As is apparent from the present scale of management, however, most of the farmers—exceptions very few—have to depend either on labour wages, if the market is near, or on the seasonal labour above mentioned. This is of course the phenomenon commonly observed in the farming villages of Japan. From this viewpoint the farming-fishing-villages here are, we can say, losing their characteristics and ranking themselves among just ordinary farming villages.
5. With the appearance and development of the Ogata Village on the Central Polder and as the farming system is improved, inevitable are the changes on these coast regions. And these inevitable changes cannot fail to attract our attention and interest.

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