The narrow delta of the Natui and its distributaries provides an area of level, well watered land on which many small agricultural villages are situated. Under the hills is this village of Kitakabeya. Located only 8km east of Taira, a city of over 50, 000 people, the village has a traditional regime.
Slightly more than 250 people lived in Kitakabeya and its environs in 1965. The population of the village has not varied between more than 210 and less than 300 over a period of 100 years. The horse and cow have not varied between more than 22 and less than 40.
The chief loss of the households during the 1780's was due to many of the lower class seeking employment in other towns.
There are four groups each united in the bond of kinship in this village. The bond of kinships are arranged along the small valley. A majority of the villages are engaged in agriculture. The total land area associated with the village of Kitakabeya is about 56 ha..
Every house of this village has three rooms. They are the room to the guest, to the family and the festival. The room to the festival is situated between the guest room and family room, and is festival place of kinships and families.
Many traditional things of the year's regular functions take place at this room. This is the only room that families and kinships eat or drink together with the God.
In this village the branch family with the following are not located, but only branch family with the kinship located, because of the small expanse of the paddy fields.
As in every house the festival place is the centre room, so in this village is the temple and shrine.
In this village originally the shrine is not always nucleus, and every bond of kinship has a small or large shrine in this settlement.
Anyhow villagers eat and drink together in this temple or the shrine, as a necessary consequence there are ways, custom and orders. Especially we can see them in the graneyard of this village.
It is significant to note that we can review the former village through the orders and site of every grave.

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It is statistically known that in 1962 were 443 plants engaged in food processing in Sendai. They are the main enterprises there. However, the category of medium and small scale enterprises with employees of less than 30 accounted for 92% of the plants. The operational areas of these enterprises have not been well established.
The present survey was intended to investigate changes in the pattern of the distribution or location of the food processing plants for a period of 1911-1963. The job specialization subjected to the survey were manufactures of cakes, kamaboko (boiled fish paste), sake (Japanese wine), miso (bean paste), shoyu (soy bean sauce), refreshing beverages, noodles, etc.
The results obtained may be summarized as follows: 1. The distribution or location of the food processing plants is closely related to the form of enterprise. 2. As a result of the diversification in the functional organization of the city area, the food processing plants located in the newly incorporated places show characteristic job specialization and scales.
3. With the expansion of the city area, there is a marked increase in the migration of food processing plants leaving off the Center of Business Districts to suburban community. Nevertheless, the C. B. D. still retains an attractive aspect for these enterprises.

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At a river mouth, as the density of salt water is higher than that of fresh water, sea water goes under the river water, and a salt wedge is formed. H. G. FARM A r and G, . MORCAN showed the following equation for the length of salt wedge.
λAKα=(n₂^*)² (3-2n₂)/6-α[n₂^*/(1-n₂^*)+log(1-n₂^*)]
where λ=L/H₀ (L is the length of salt wedge, and H₀ is the depth at the end of salt wedge.)
α=U₀²/εgH₀ (U₀ is the velosity of fresh water, and g is the acceleration of gravity.)
ε=(ρ₂-ρ₁)/ρ₂ (ρ₁ and ρ₂ are the fresh and salt water densities.)
K=τ_i/ρ₂U₀² (τ_i is the shear at the fresh-salt water interface.)
n₂^*=1-_??_
By applying the above-mentioned equation, the author computed the lengths of salt wedges in the rivers flowing into Tokyo Bay under the condition that the salt wedges lengthen most. However, as this equation was derived from the assumption that the river bed is horizontal, the values obtained here by computation were corrected in accordance with the gradient of each river bed. This equation can be applied only in case that a salt wedge is clearly formed. Results of the research for some rivers show that clear salt wedges are formed at the minimum tidal range. The length of salt wedge is maximum when the quantity of river flow is minimum. Therefore, this study was performed under the conditions of dry season and neap tide.
The conclusions obtained are as follows: 1. The lengths of salt wedges are related with the gradient of river bed. The lengths gained by computation decrease as the gradient of river bed increases. 2. The rates of effects which the gradient of river bed has an influence on the lengths of salt wedges differ from place to place. Those rates are lower on the east coast than on the north and west coasts of Tokyo Bay.

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Soil is thought to be a natural body which is formed and transformed as a result of complicated interaction of soil making factors such as climate, living organism, landform, parent material and time. So we can expect that soil is distributed corresponding to the difference of the combination of soil making factors. Standing on this view point, this paper aims to get the law of soil distribution, especially vertical distribution, connected with environmental factors, taking the mountain area of the Southern Alps as an example field, and to make an assumed soil map by using air photographs as an application of the law.
Soil types distributing in the Southern Alps are Brown Forest Soil and Podsol. Brown Forest Soil is distributed in the montane and lower subalpine zones governed mainly by topographic factors such as landform type and the gradient of the ground. Brown Forest Soil is subdivided into six types BA_??_BF. BA and BB (dry type) are situated at summit, ridge and other convex slope. BC and BD (semi dry and moderately wet type) are distributed on both convex and concave slopes of mountainside. BE and BF (wet type) are tonally located on tales, river terrace and other sedimental landform along the valley. The distribution of each soil type has particular relations with environmental factors such as altitude, landform type, the mode of deposition, the gradient of the ground, the direction of the slope, vegetation and surface temperature. The distribution of Podsol is closely connected with surface temperature (=altitude and landform) and vegetation. The lower boundary of Podsol is found where the surface temperature is around 4.0°C. It is also affected by topographic factors. At gentle ridge the height of the boundary is lower (higher in surface temperature) and on steep concave slope higher. Comparing 10 degrees of convex slope with 40 degrees of concave slope, the difference is about 1.5°C in temperature and about 300 meters in height. It also varies with the direction of the slope. On the south slope of 20 degrees the height of the boundary is about 2100 meters, while on the north slope about 1700 meters. In granite areas the height of the boundary seems to be lower. Podsol area coincides with subalpine coniferous forest such as Abies veitchii, Abies nariesii, and Tsuga diversifolia.
Vertically from the river bed to the summit, soil types are distriluted in the order of BE—BD, BC (—BA)—BB—PD. The patterns of vertical soil distribution vary with landform type, gradient and direction of the slope. They are diagrammatically shown in Figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9.

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