The chart “Hoko Suido (1/150000) ” was published by Naval Hydrographic Office of Japan for the first time in 1904 and showed the development of three great sand spits along the coast of Formosa. In 1932, a descriptive remark was added on the chart that these sand spits appear to be migrating southward. After the World War Second, Hydrographic Office of Taiwan surveyed around the same area and published the new chart “Hoko Kodo”. From the comparison of two charts mentioned above, it was able to observe clearly that these sand spits had migrated greatly to southwestward or southward direction during the past 60 years.
North spit is a cuspate spit. Middle spit is about 20km in length and extends southwe-stward from the coast. It's termination has a recurve (hook) trending southward. Two older recurves on the landward side of the spit mark former terminations of a spit stretched inter-mittently. South spit is a barrier spit which extends about 30km in the SSW direction. Each barrier are about 3 or 6km long. Salt marshes develop on the sheltered landward sides of the middle and south spits. Seaward side slopes of each spits are steep, and flat terraces develop at the depth of -7.5 to 15m on. the seaward slopes of spits.
Sandy shoals exist off recurves of spits beyond the depression.
All sand spits were eroded remarkably on the seaward (northwestward) side and were deposited on landward (southward or southeastward) side.
The seaward side slope of the north spit retreated landward about 2km over a distance of about 7km during the past 60 years. It retreated about 4.5km over a distance of about 15km on the middle spit and 1 km over a distance of 20km on the south spit during the same period. The rate of recession is about 75m/year on the middle spit. Each spit extended its length southwestward or southward about 11km at north spit, about 6km at middle spit and about 5km at south spit. And the terminations of these new spits reached to the position of shoals which situated off the distal ends of former spits. That is to say, a spit may grow by the process that a shoal off the distal end of spit grows by material supply fed by abrasion of seaward side slope of spit, then it connects with the termination of the former spit. We observed a embryo of new shoal happened off the distal end of north new spit in 1969.
As a result of abrasion of seaward side slopes, flat planes developed at the foots of new spits. These flat planes are at the depth of -7.5 to 15m. The formation of new abrasion planes demonstrated that the base of vigorous abrasion related to the present sea level exists at a depth of -7.5 to -15m. North cuspate spit stretched southwest ward and a depression was formed between the coast and the spit.
Orientaion of middle spit was changed from N 39°E to N 49°E. New middle spit entered to Hoko Channel deeper than the former stage by southward migration, so that the direction of prevailing wave with relatively long fetches which determines the shape of spit altered from northwest to north. It seems that middle spit increased the angle against the general direction of the coast in order to adjust its orientation to make right angle with the direction of prevailing wave from north. South spit did not change its orientation because the angle was similar to right angle against the prevailing wave from Hatto Channel.

View full abstract

Der Markt war als Herzkammer des wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Lebens der Kern der mittelalterlichen Stadt in Deutschland. Das Rathaus stand meistens am Marktplatz und war damit funktionell eng verbunden. Die beiden bildeten zusammen mit der Hauptpfarrkirche und anderen gemeinschaftlichen Bauten wie Gilde- und Zunftbauten usw. die Stadtkrone. Diese Art von Stadtkrone blieb in vielen deutschen Städten seit dem Mittelalter bis heute erhalten, oiler wenigstens versucht man sie zu erhalten.
In den Städten des Ruhrgebiets ist im Gegensatz dazu soich eine dominante Stadtkrone, wenn auch im Mittelalter entstanden, sehr selten zu finden. Der Verfasser möchte in diesem Aufsatz an den Beispielen Ahlen und Hattingen zeigen, wie die sozialräumlichen Grundlage des Stadtgebietes, Z. B. Zersiedlung und soziale Spannungen zwischen alten und neuen Siedlungen, zur Auflösung solcher Raumordnung neigen und sehr oft daze führen.
Seit 1912 entstanden in den östlichen und südlichen Teilen des Ahlener Stadtgebietes um die Zeche Westfalen, etwa 1.5km von des Altstadt entfernt, Kolonien. Hier wohnten die Arbeiter und Beamten und in der Altstadt die alteingesessenen Bürger. Aus der Zeit des Bergbaubeginns herrührende soziale und politische Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Stadtteilen wirken sick heute noch in Wert- und Prestigevorstellungen der Bevölkerung aus.
Ein Rathausneubau im Altstadtkern am Marktplatz scheitert seit Jahren an Preisfragen für den Grundstückneuerwerb. Die Partei, die am meisten von den Bewohnern der neuen Kolonien unterstützt war, wählte einen Standort zwischen der Altstadt und den Kolonien, Z. B, am Ausstellungsgelände oiler an der Ecke Dolberger Str./August-Kirchner Str., während die andere, die am meisten aus den Paohlbürgern bestand, behauptete eine Lage an der alten Stadtmauer. 1968 wurde die letztere als endgültiger Bauplatz des neuen Rathauses bestimmt.
In 1853 wurde die Henrichshütte in der an Hattingen angrenzenden Gemeinde Welper errichtet. Da das alte Hattinger Rathaus am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts räumlich nicht meter ausreichte, beschäftigten sich Öffentlichkeit und Verwaltung mit seinem Neubau, wobei Standort- und Grundstücksfragen die Bürgerschaft sehr erregten, ging es doch um mehr als das bloße Gebäude. Man mußte sick entscheiden, oh die siedlungsgeographische Entwicklung der Stadt weiterhin ohne Beachtung der Henrichshütte auf der Mittelterrasse oder auf der Hauptterrasse in Richtung auf das Hüttenwerk erfolgen solite. Die Auseinandersetzungen waren heftig und erbittert. Sie zogen sich jahrelang hin und endgültig wurde der letztere Standort gewählt.
Die althergebrachte Form und das traditionelle gesellschaftliche Leben der Altstadt ist auf dem Marktplatz und darum herum ziemlich gut erhalten. Aber die Handelsfunktionen bewegten sich nach der Heggerstrasse und dem neuen Markt beim neuen Rathaus. Zudem sind die gesellschaftlichen Funktionen wie Versammlungen, Festlichkeiten, bürgerliche Repräsentation usw. auf den alten Marktplatz und den neuen Rathausplatz verteilt.

View full abstract

The K amount of dust deposit on a leaf reflects wind direction, namely the amount of dust which adhered to the surface of the leaf facing windward direction is larger than that of any other direction. In this study, in order to clarify the distribution of the prevailing wind over the city area of Tôkai, Aichi Prefecture, the authors investigated the amount o dust deposit on the surface of leaves. The results are summarized as follows:
(1) Summer ( Fig. 2)
(a) The southerly winds, summer monsoon, from the Mikawa Pay flow to the north along the Sakai River, and then the winds change their direction to the northwest in the southern and the eastern parts of city area.
(b) The westerly winds which are considered to be sea breeze flow into the northern part and the coast area of city.
(2) Winter (Fig. 3)
The northwesterly winds, winter monsoon, prevail over the city area.
(3) It is clear that the topography in local scale chang the wind direction, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3.

View full abstract

[in Japanese]

View full abstract

Christaller and Lösch had used the hexagon as the modular unit in their models. One of the commonest criticisms for the hexagonal framework is that it is for too rigid and abstract. But Haggett was trying to test in his book whether hexagonal arrangement does in fact exist. One of his results was that one-third of Brazilian counties (municipios) had exactly six neghbours and the mean contact number (number of adjacent territories) was 5.71. Thus, he concluded that criticism for the hexagonal system as over-theoretical may have been too hasty.
In this paper author is testing the contact number of some administrative areas in Japan. These mean contact numbers are 5.5 for the prefecture (fig. 1), 5.9 for the old state (fig. 2), 5.8 for the county (tab. 1), 5.5 for the communal unit and 5.7 for the section (fig. 4), Moreover, it is suggested that the frequency of the contact number (fig. 3 and 5) have the order of 6, 5, 4, 7 and 8. These results show that hexagon is the modular unit even in the administrative areas of Japan. It is also suggested that the frequency curve of the contact number tends to be identified with the stochastic one and is similar to Bunge's experimental result of the floating-magnet in the tab.

View full abstract