Der Aufsatz behandelt “die Formen vom Hanshin-Gebiet (Osaka-Kobe Gebiet) und seinem Umkreis”, die das Thema der Diskussienen an Ort and Stelle waren, welche sich im Herbst 1966 unter den gemeinsamen Leitung der Vereinigung japanischen Geographen und der Anthropogeographischen Vereinigung ven Japan veranstalteten, wo wir auf Grund des vorberelteten Materials über den Umriß und den Streitpunkt der Frage diskutierten.
Der Aufsatz enthält die folgenden Sachen.
1) Die geomorphologische Forschungsgeschichte vom betreffenden Gegend.
2) Die Klassifikation und der Charakter der jeden morphologischen Ebene sind behandelt, und noch dazu sind ihre Verschiebungen berührt.
3) Es ist erötert, daß das Ikema-Gebirge ein Schellengebirge ist, und daß es unmöglich ist, seinen steilen Abhang mit der Flexur zu erklären.
4) Wir haben die Verbreitungen der Schetterschichten und die morphologische Ebene mit Schetter beschrieben, und auch ihren Entstehungsprezeß erforscht.
5) Wir haben untersucht, wie Spalte und Verwitterungen von Granit im Rokko-Ge-birge mit dessen Formen einzustimmen.
6) Die Terrassen des westlichen Uf ers vom Biwa-See sind klassifiziert und beschrieben.
7) Die verschiedenen Aufgaben, die wir zukünftig lösen müssen, sind zum Schluß überblickt.

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The prosperity of charcoal-making in Japan has remarkably been waning recently and this faithfully reflects the peculiarities of Japan's being a mountainous country. It should be noted that the forms of charcoal-making are very closely related to the structures of village communities among mountains in Japan.
This is a study of the types of charcoal-making in Shikoku, the typical charcoal-making district in western Japan, in relation with the structure of the village communities and is primarily intended for throwing light on the regional differences of charcoal-making in this part of the country.
The forms of charcoal-making in these districts are divided into four classes on the basis of charcoal-maker's ways of raising money to buy material wood : I) independent charcoalmaking……charcoal-makers make their charcoal with their own funds and can send it to any destination they wish ; II) cooperative charcoal-making……they make charcoal by borrowing fund in advance from their agricultural association and forward it to the association ; III) charcoal-making by borrowing trader's money in advance : ……they make charcoal with the money they borrow from the traders and are compelled to forward the charcoal to the traders, and IV) charcoal-making by “Yakiko”……charcoal-makers who are called “Ya-kiko” financially governed by their traders named “Oyakata”, make charcoal and the profits are divided between them. Of these four forms, III) and IV) are markedly dependent upon other and can be said to be far from any form of charcoal-making.
This is also a study of the structures of village communities ; in this part of the country the ownership of forests and fields and their form and developments intimately in relation to the forms of charcoal making, together with the relation between the village structures and the social construction are dealt with. Not only the rearing and cultivating of forests for firewood and charcoal but also the techniques of charcoal-making are inquired to. Systematically intensive and rational forms of charcoal-making are in an advanced stage in technique. Some real examples of these forms of charcoal-making have minutely been locked into and the expansion of them has been confirmed through questionnaires. As a result, such charcoal-making districts as seen in the diagram No. 2 (G) can be found. In the southeastern part of Shikoku, there are a lot of charcoal-making forms of the above III type. This is mainly due to the fact that the village communities have a strong cooperative coloring. The technique of charcoal-making in this part of the country has fairly been improved under impetus from the advanced charcoal-making techniques in Wakayama Prefecture.
In the southwestern part of Shikoku, the types grouped in II and III are numerous and the type IV is sometimes found. The reason for this is that there are lots of large national or public forests as well as a small number of great farmers possessing large areas of forests. But there are a lot of poor charcoal-makers, who are still forced to be engaged in the oldfashioned charcoal-making. They are, therefore, very poor in technique.
In the Hizikawa valley, many of the forms of charcoal-making belong to the type I, because the farmers own almost equal areas of forests and fields and they are comparatively independent upon one another. They have acquired a developed technique of charcoal-making introduced from Ikeda and its neighborhood in Osaka.
In the mountainous districts around the cities, there are a lot of charcoal-making forms grouped in I and the technique are highly advanced. Fuel dealers have weak control and charcoal-makers maintain strong independence, as there are markets in the neighborhood.

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Modern tourism in Japan is characterized by the mass, various and widespread tourist movement. As a phenomenon, mass tourist movement appears particularly in relation to the remarkable growth of metropolitan areas, and most resorts surrounding metropolitan areas have developed greatly.
First, the resorts with over 100, 000 visitors each year were identified. Then, according to the tourist market the resorts were classified into three main types, (i) metropolitan type, (ii) intermediate type and (iii) local type. Finally, the area of the metropolitan area and the intermediate type resorts serving the Tokyo tourist market was designated as the Tokyo tourist region and an attempt was made to explain the regional differentiation of the development stages by considering only the external factors affecting these resorts.
The indices for the regional differentiation are based on changes in the number of bathing tourists (in 1939 and 1965), the accommodation capacity (in 1933 and 1963) and the worker rate from service industry (in 1950 and 1965).
The results of this analysis are as follows:
(1) In 1939, before the Second World War, the number of bathing tourists at each hot-spring resort in the Hakone-Izu area is nearly similar to the Kitakanto area, mainly Tochigi and Gunma Prefecture.
Hakone-Izu Area……Hakone (510, 000), Atami (470, 000), Ito (360, 000), Yugawara (300, 000), Izunagaoka (250, 000).
Kitakanto Area……Nikkoyumoto (460, 000), Kusatsu (320, 000), Ikaho (240, 000), Shiobara (210, 000).
The above each hot-spring resort is more than 200, 000 bathing tourist.
Also, the accommondation capacities in 1933 were similar.
(2) By 1965, both bathing tourists and accommodation capacities were centralized remarkably in the hot-spring resorts in the Hakone-Izu area ; on the other hand, the wellknown hot-spring resorts (the traditional hot-spring resort) before the Second World War in the Kitakanto area were characterized by stagnation.
However, Kinugawa and Minakami, non-traditional resorts established since the beginning of the Showa period, in Kitakanto have rapidly developed, and now Kinugawa is the largest hot-spring resort in Kitakanto area.
The number of bathing tourists at each hot-spring resorts in 1965 is as follows :
Hakone-Izu Area……Atami (5, 330, 000), Hakone (2, 550, 000), Ito (2, 050, 000), Yugawara (1, 390, 000), Izunagaoka (1, 140, 000), Shuzenji (620, 000), Shimoda (510, 000), Atagawa (500, 000).
Kitakanto Area……Kinugawa (1, 320, 000), Ikaho (810, 000), Shiobara (740, 000), Minakami (730, 000), Kusatsu (690, 000), Nasu (680, 000).
The above each hot-spring resort is more than 500, 000 bathing tourist.
(3) The differentiation of the worker rate from service industry corresponds to the number of bathing tourists and the accommodation capacity. Hakone hot-spring resort indicated 60.6 % and Atami of 51.8% in 1965.
(4) In addition, the next five development stages of the hot-spring resorts made cleared by the synthetic analysis of (1), (2) and (3).
I. health-spa stage, II. recreation resort stage, III. recreation and tourist resort stage, IV, tourist resort stage, and V. tourist city stage.
(5) The external factor which has resulted in the regional differentiation of the development stages of the hot-spring resorts is accessibility, through train and road traffic convenience between the hot-spring resorts and the Tokyo metropolitan area. The accessibility indices(=arrival time (minute)×traveling expenses (yen)/1, 000) of the Hakone and Atami spas are low, respectively 34 and 35. In comparison, traffic conditions in the Kitakanto area are unfavorable (Kinugawa-70, Ikaho-85, Shiobara-121 and Kusatsu-149).

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In the previous report, the author discussed the effect of precipitation on the vertical distribution of soil temperature basing on his own observation. Since a part of the precipitation nourishes the soil moisture under the ground, it is probable that the moisture has an influence on the horizontal temperature distribution of the soil. In order to verify this fact, the author and his collaborators observed the distribution of the soil temperature at 75 cm depth using the method of moving observation.
Obsevations were carried out in and around Hoya, the western suburbs of Tokyo (Fig. 1 and 2). The instruments used were thermistor thermometers for soil temperature, boringbars or -sticks, and bicycles for moving (Photo. 1 and 2). Reading of temperature was taken about 10 minutes after putting of the thermometers into the hole at 75 cm depth. Observation were made at about 80 points, favoured with the following three conditions ; bare ground, comparatively soft soil, open and sunny site.
Errors of temperature readings due to the time lag caused by the moving were nearly negligible, because soil temperature at 75 cm depth shows neither daily nor interdiurnal change for a few days as reported in the previous paper. In winter, however, the interdiurnal change reaching about -0.1°C was found, so that the author made temperature adjustments by adopting a cross-check method. The meteorological conditions before, during and after the observations are shown in Fig. 3 and 6.
The results obtained were summarized as follows In summer (see Fig. 5),
1. Colder areas where soil temperature is lower than 20°C exist along valleys floor with its surroudings, cultivated ground, and forests.
2. Warmer areas (higher than 21°C) are found in urbanized areas and some parts along the riverside.
In winter (see Fig. 7),
3. Colder areas (lower than 11°C) are confirmed in urbanized areas and in some parts of the valley.
4. Warmer areas (higher than 12°C) exist in some parts with smaller house-density, cultivated upland and forests.
Based on these facts, it may be concluded that the local horizontal distribution of soil temperature has seasonal changes, the regional difference of soil temperature is comparatively larger in summer and smaller than that of the air temperature in all seasons. The distribution pattern is relatively complicated in winter. This shows that the local distribution of soil temperature is more modified by many other factors than the solar radiation, such as river water, underground water, both of which were observed in autumn (Fig. 8).
In this paper, the direct effect of the underground water on the soil temperature was not clarified, but the influence of the river water was found to some extent as shown by Fig. 10 and 11. The former was derived from above-mentioned observations of soil temperature distribution in July (T₇) and December (T₁₂), 1964. The relationship between temperature difference (T₇-T₁₂) and the distance L to the bank from the observation site are shown there. If the temperature difference is explained by the heat flux in the soil and the distance L represents soil moisture, the influence of the moisture on the annual heat exchange in soil can be shown by Fig. 10. In Fig. 11 we can find the correlation between the soil temperature and moisture which were observed in June, 1966.
All of the above statements are provisional and nothing but a qualitative conclusion. So we have many important problems to be investigated. In particular, the relationship between the soil temperature and moisture should be studied from the view point of heat and water balance in the soil.

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