As the results of surveys on the topographic change of the beach of Tokai Village, the author concluded as follows;
(1) In the map of the coast line exaggerating its scale only in the perpendicular direction to its general trend, it was found that the shore line shows a composite wave-like form, of which the wave lengths are 2, 000, 300 and 30 meters. The loops of the largest waves of the shore line with the wave length of 2, 000 meters were situated in front of long continued submarine bars, and those of the medium waves with the wave length of 300 meters were formed superimposing the largest waves and were situated in front of individual submarine bars. The wave lengths of the medium waves were superimposed by the minor waves that were cusps with the wave length of 30 meters, and coincided with the unit lengths of the periodic change of the sizes of cusps.
(2) The undulating shore line with the medium wave length of 300 meters was formed by the action of swash that is more powerful at the front of the central parts of the submarine bars than the terminal parts of the bars and by that of rip currents that flow out through the channels among the bars.
(3) The undulation of the shore line shifted southwards in accordance with the movement of the bars during the period from December 1956 to August 1957. At the same time the bars shifted by about 70 meters toward the shore, though the shifting of the shore line in the perpendicular direction to it was almost negligible.
(4) The change of the shore line in the short period of about twenty days was rather conspicuous. When winds blew strongly, the shore line retreated in front of the bars and advanced in front of channels among the bars. On the other hand, when winds weakened, the shore line advanced in front of the bars and retreated in front of, the channels.
(5) Considering the relation between the changes of the shore line and cusps in this period, cusps disappeared where the shore line retreated and occurred where the shore line advanced. Where cusps existed throughout this period during which surveys were repeated three times, the author found the tendency that cusps were enlarged where the shore line retreated and became smaller where the shore line advanced. It is inferred, therefore, that cusps are not altered on stable shores and the intercusp space becomes irregular where shore lines repeat advancement and retreat.
(6) During the period from December 1956 to August 1957 when the bars shifted toward the shore, the bars became smaller and the declivities of their outer slopes became less without exception. At the same time, the inner slopes of the bars decreased their declivities in the northern part of long continued bars and incressed in the southern part. Accordingly, the bars in the southern part became to show very asymmetric features in their transversed profiles. On the other hand, the southern part of the shore retreated remarkably and the grain size of the beach materials became coarser, while the northern part of the shore advanced conspicuously and the beach materials became finer.
(7) Off the shore, the flat submarine bottom 5 to 20 meters deep in the northern part became deeper and the depth of the bottoms decreased around the flat bottom in the northern part and on the submarine bottoms in the southern part during this period. On the other hand the bottom sediments became coarser where the depth increased and finer where the depth decreased.

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The writer has investigated the distribution of bicycle manufacturing plants in Japan and inquired into the reason for their localization. The result are as follows:
1. There are 1574 bicycle-manufaturing plants in Japan now. The number being very large, these plants are very small in scale, having an averasge of only 16 workers in each plant.
2. Factors determining the localization of the plants mostly depend upon wholesalers (SEIZO-OROSHI) having an overwhelming power over the plants. Therefore almost all of the plants are concentrated in three wholesale market areas……Tokyo (31%), Osaka (30%), and Nagoya (14%), ……places where transportation of products is convenient to wholesalers. But in each area, the area where the plants are located is not at all the same as the area of wholesalers, except in the case of Nagoya.
3. In Tokyo, Arakawa is the most concentrated district in the area, with about 46% of the plants, a much large number than in Taito district (16%), the center of the Tokyo wholesale area. The reason for this concentration derives from the supply of cheap labor and many subcontracted works in this district. In the Osaka area, the core of distrubution has been thriving at Sakai city from the beginning……about 65% of the plants being located in this district, and scarecely any part of Japan shows such a dense distribution of plants. Only 30% of them are distributed through the southeastern parts of Osaka city……the wholesale district of the area.
Sakai city was the only district where many technical experts as blacksmiths and gunsmiths had been in operatian from ancient times, which led to the foundation of the plants in this district. In recent time the most importanc factor of this district lies in the cheap labor enabling low cost production, and the second factor is the abundance of subcontracted works there.

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Land improvement was first carried out extensively about 1900 and the aspect of agricultural lands and the structure of farm villages began to change here and there.
The Kojima Bay polder land, whose study I took up, is an example. The land in this area has been improved twice since 1912. I studied the relations between the reclamation and the increase of agricultural production and threw light on the change of production in a farm village.
(I) Conditions before reclamation
The total acreage of the agricultural lands of the area of my study is 242 ha. 33 reclamations of beaches on a small scale carried out between 1800 and 1870, have resulted in the present stretch of vast agricultural lands. The productivity of the newly reclaimed land was very low due to the lack of irrigation water and also as the lands were divided into small pieces. There were old dikes which were no longer needed and the pools of water, which could be developed into agricultural lands.
About 1919 the Land Owner System was established and the land owners started the improvement of land for the purpose of increasing the production, and ultimately raised the land rent.
(II) Progress of reclamation
The irrigation water was secured and the waste lands were developed into agricultral lands between 1912 and 1915 but the exchange and consolidation of lands and land adjustment were not carried out. Such improvements as the land adjustment and consolidation are absolutely necessary for increasing the labor productivity of agriculture but the land owners were rather indifferent to these improvements because their aim was to raise the land rent by increasing the yield of unit acreage.
About 1920, the Land Owner System began to decline and the farmers began to gain strength. The land adjustment and consolidation were started in 1922 through the demand and cooperation of the farmers. Thus the farmers pushed forward the improvement of lands and the rationalzation of agriculture by their own efforts.
(III) Result of reclamation
The land adjustmant and consolidation which were carried out since 1922 in spite of the restrictions originating in the Land Owner System, were very effectve in raising labor productivity. The mechanization of farming may be menotioned as another factor which raised the productivity.
In this way the aspect of agricultural land changed; the lands are consolidated into a regular form and the modern machines are in motion in the lands. But the reclamation were carried out amidst the restrictions of Land Owner System. Naturally the consolidation has not been effected to our satisfaction.

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