About 50 stone implements (26 pebble tools, 17 flakes and 7 cores) have been found on the Nyu upland, east of Ôita City, northern Kyushu. They are quite similar to those of the Soan-culture of India, which runs through from the Mindel-Kiss interglacial to the Kiss glacial age. Nowhere were such implements ever seen in Japan. The culture characterized by such implements will be called “Nyuan-colture”.
There are seven terraces in the Nyu upland, and the site is located on the second terrace of 60 to 90meters in height. The implements were gathered on the surface of the field, as a result of being dug ou by bull-dozers in the process of making an orchard garden, except one which was contained in the brecciaclay bed, the uppermost of the second terrace deposits. This clay is white or yellowish white and tuffaceous, and predominant in the upper part of the bed. The thickness of this clay layer is about 3 meters. It contains commonly angular and rounded gravels. The implement was found near the base of this clay layer. In the uppermost part of the clay layer a red soil has been developed. As a result of morphological investigation the authors recognized that this soil had been subjected to a kind of la erization. Some Japanese pedologists have considered the red soils of Japan are one of the zonal soils derid from various kinds of parent materials under the present bio-climatic conditions. But some others have opposed to this opinion, regarding those soils as paleosols judging from stratigraphical and geomorphological in-vestigations. The red soils with brilliant tone (10R-5YR) are widely distributed in northen Kyushu. The red soils as paleosols overlain by the welded tuff, which belongs to the Aso Volcano and one of the ejecta during the caldera forming period, or by the other type ejecta of the same origin, called the Y ene clay (tuffaceous clay), have been found in Yame-Kuroki district, south of Fukuoka City.
In Japan if we attempt to find a time which the temperature was so high that red soils could be developed, and such warmer climate continued through the whole red soil forming period, it cannot be concim dered except an interglacial age. Therefore, it would be possible to say that the implements have passed at least one interglacial age.

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Now Japanese industrial development is very striking accompanied by the plant modernization, and the technical revolution; the industrial regions are greatly changing.
The writer tried to investigate the industrial regions in Kyushu and their development as a problem of balancing regional variations from the standpoint of economic geography.
Kyushu, the survey area, has a Japan's principal coal mining region in the north, and wide underde veloped regions in the south.
Most of the industrial regions in Kyushu have been developed on the combination of the domestic coall and the foreign raw materials from Chinese Continent, or Southeast Asia, in the aid of government supra porting colonial policy, which has little relation to national market.
After the Second World War, therefore, they have rather a disadvantage of “mallocalization to west.”
This is the reason why the main industries in Kyushu were limitted to iron industry, chemical industry and cement industry, etc.
As for the distribution of industrial regions, they expand from Kitakyushu to Nakatsu, Ôita and Saeki in the east, and to Fukuoka, Yatsushiro and Minamata in the west. Kitakyushu in which the Yahata Steel CO. LTD. is the biggest work is the center of Kyushu industrial regions.
Nagasaki and Nobeoka industrial districts are isolated.
Recently some industries such as “Pulp” and “Food” processing have been newly established, but as yet there is a tendency also in such new industries for which the combination with “coal” is fundamental, which results in the greater regional variation of economic development. Put it is noticeable that a new industrial combination appeared in Oita district, which has the best conditions of industrial localization, which in any other areas are so unfavorable that they limit the localization of the basic materials industries, to iron-steel industry, oil refinery, etc.
It seems to be unprofitable to establish the basic materials industries any where in Kyushu, and the industry of various types must be selected according to the regional conditions and this is the only practical way to aim at balanceing regional variations of the economic standard.

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1) The process of formation of ‘Shinden-Shuraku’ in this region may be classified into three periods; the first (1596-1660), the second (1661-1735) and the third (1736-1859).
In the first period of the formation, ‘Shinden-Shuraku’ was founded in the erosion valleys on the diluvial uplands and in the valleys of Kashiwage in the northern diluvial fields of Noshiro.
In the second period, it was formed in the wide area in the basin of the River Yoneshiro inside the sanddunes along the seaside region, in the erosion valleys of the upland region, and down the river along its branches such as the Rivers Taneume, Fujikoto, Nagaki, Ani, etc. where it was possible to get enough water to drink and to irrigate the paddy-fields. However, in these regions down the River Yoneshiro, the paddy-fields were in danger of being threatened by the flood, so it was necessary for them to built their settlements on the river-terraces or on the uplands near the mountains.
The third period of the reclamation had some elements different from the preceeding periods. ‘Honden’ of the old settlements was reconstructed from its wasted conditions by the water for brought irrigation by means of the excavated flumes.
The rest of the water also made it possible to build such settlements as Takao, Shida, Kukigawa, Yoshida villages, etc., which possessed the character of ‘Okikaeri-Shinden’ type.
2) Next, we are to examine some characteristics of reclamation during these three periods.
In the first period (1596-1660), feudal lords gave the permit of reclamation to ‘Kyunin’, who belongedd to ‘Bushi’ of lower class. The lord granted the ‘Kyunin’ the unqualified right of reclamation only on the condition that it does not constitute an obstacle to ‘Honden’ -management, the reclaimed land being givenn him as an increase in his stipend.
This way of reclamation was called ‘Sashigami-biraki’, and was carried on during the period of Keicho and Kan'ei about 300_??_350 years ago.
The most remarkable way of reclamation in the second period was called ‘Chushin-biraki’.
This period was also characterized by the building of many branch-villages.
In the third period, flumes were excavated by ‘Akita-han’, which relieved the ‘Honden’ in old and exhausted villages of the devastation. The rest of the water for irrigationn also enabled to reclaim ‘Kirizoe-Shinden’.
In this way, the reclamation of the paddy-fields was conducted by the ‘Han’ to relieve villages of their waste in the latter half of the Edo era.

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