The River Toyo flows into Atsumi Bay, taking the northeast-southwest direction along the median line which is one of the most important tectonic lines in Japan. There is a considerable difference in the topography and geology between the areas of the right side (Inner Zone) and the left (Outer Zone) of the river (Figs. 1 and 2). The authors surveyed the terrace topography and deposits along the River Tokyo in order to make clear the process of the formation of terrace plains and the earth movement in this region.
The main results are as follows:
1) The terrace plains of this region are classified into three kinds: the upper, the middle and the lower. The upper terraces are distributed widely on the right side of the river and are correlated with the surface of Takashihara. The middle terraces are most remarkable and also widely distributed on the right side of the river. The lower terraces are subdivided into two. The lower terraces I distributed locally are intermediate terraces between the middle terraces and the lower terraces II which gradually change to the present flood plain (Figs. 3 and 4).
In the both terraces, the upper and the middle, in the lower course from Shinshiro City their distribution and altitudes are different from those in the upper course area, and the gradients of the former terrace plains are steeper than those of the latter's (Tab.1). So the upper and the middle terrace plains situated in the lower course have the characteristics of fan-like topography.
2) The origins of the terrace deposits are classified into two groups (Tab. 2). The one is the terrace gravels which usually contain the liparite gravels derived from the uppermost area, and are transported by the River Toyo itself. The other is the fanglomerates which consist of the angular gravels of mica schist or mica gneiss constituting the Inner Zone mountain land, and seems to be transported by the small tributaries. The distribution of the fanglomerates coincides with that of the fan-like topography above mentioned (Figs. 5, 6 and 7).
3) Small faults cutting the bedrock are observed at the mountain foot of the Inner Zone (Fig. 5). Strikes of the fault plains are mostly NE-SW, namely, it resembles to the direction of the steep scarp and the arrangement of kernbuts and kerncols.
Judging from the data mentioned above, the authors have reached tentative conclusions concerning the process of the formation of the terrace plains and the earth movement as follows:
It seems that during the formation of the upper terrace plain the deposition of the River Toyo took place more actively than during the middle and lower terrace plain formation. The small tributaries from the Inner Zone mountain land also deposited the great amount of the fanglomerates following the deposition of the upper terrace gravels. It means that there was a tendency to elevate more rapidly in the Inner Zone than in the Outer Zone area. Such a tendency of the earth movement is also observed during the middle terrace plain formation, but the amount of this is smaller than the case of the upper. However, this tendency is not observed during the lower terrace plain formation. Moreover, even in the Inner Zone area, this tendency is clear at the lower course from Shinshiro City. The longitudinal profile of each terrace plain is astringed toward the lower course. Consequently, it is considered that the amount of the upheaval movement connected with the formation of the terrace scarp is greater in the upper course area than in the lower course in each stage. Such a tendency is contrary with that of the earth movement observed in the region in Tempakuhara which is older than the terrace plains in question.

View full abstract

Using the daily temperature values observed at 28 climatological stations (Fig. 1) within 30km from the civic center of Tokyo, the author prepared 270 patterns of the daily minimum temperature distribution for the winter months (December, January and February) of the years 1952/53, 1953/54 and 1954/55. These patterns were then classified into the following 5 types according to a) temperature difference between the civic center and its suburbs, and b) the general pattern of isotherms (Fig. 3):
#1: Temperature differences are less than 2C……43 sheets (Fig. 3, (1) & (5)).
#2: Temperature differences are 2°-4°C, with isotherms running in rough concentric circles around the highest temperature area of the central part of the city……92 sheets (Fig. 3, (2) & (6)).
#3: Temperature differences are more than 4°C, with isotherms running in the same manner as in type #2, above……53 sheets (Fig. 3, (3)).
#4: Marked temperature differences appear only at the northern margin of the built-up area……6 sheets. (Fig. 3, (7)).
#5: Temperature differences of more than 2°C can be seen, but isotherms running irregulaly, and are not directly influenced by the built-up area……20 sheets (Fig. 3, (4) & (8)).
56 sheets were excluded before classification because of the irregular quality of their diurnal temperature changes.
In order to discover the relationship between these 5 types of pattern and such meteorological factors as cloudiness, wind velocity wind direction, temperature and water-vapor pressure, all of which are considered important in the development of “city temperature”, a frequency distribution talbe (Tables 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6) of these factors for each of the 5 temperature distribution types explained above was compiled, and the results obtained are as follows (see Fig. 3):
#1-patterns of this type are likely to occur on cloudy nights (especially those with precipitation) or on clear nights with strong wind (more than 5m/s).
#3-patterns of this type have a tendency to develop on clear nights with weak wind or calm.
#2-patterns of this type appear as intermediate between types #1 and #3.
#4-patterns of this type appear in conditions of trong wind and relatively high temperatures without exception. Therefore, a partial analysis and explanation of this special pattern was made and is shown in Fig. 5.
#5-patterns of this type are liable to appear on nights with marked changes of wind direction, but not in all cases.
As for wind effect, somewhat different conclusion were drawn concrning this influence on “city temperatures”. Namely, that “calm” is not necessarily the most suitable condition for the development of “city temperature”. Weak wind conditions seem to be more appropriate (Fig. 4, Table 3).
Finally, the synoptic weather situation most suitable for the development of “city temperature” is discussed (Table 7).

View full abstract

It is well known that the distributions of temperature and precipitation show the different type between th eastern and western side of the continent. In this paper this character is discussed in relation to the meridional thermal mixing.
For this purpose, the following approaches are taken.
1) The longitude with the maximum number of blocking is compared with the longitude on the west side of the continent where the divergence of isotherms is most remarkable or the temperature gradient is minimum. It is clear that both longitudes coincide well (paragraph 4).
2) The distribution of the amplitude of westerly wave whose wave length is 40° of longitude is computed (Fig. 6). Comparing this figure with the longitude where the isotherms are diverging, it is easily observed that the maximum amplitude coincides well in longitude with the diverging isotherms (paragraph 5).
3) Analogously, the distributions of the percentage frequency of cyclones and anticyclones passing through the centers in squares of 100, 000km² (Figs. 8 (a) and (b)), the standard deviations of daily pressure at sea level (Fig. 9) and the standard deviations in January and July (Figs. 10 (a) and (b)) are obtained. It is concluded that the maximum regions with these elements coincide also well with the diverging isotherms in their longitudes.
4) Thus, all the elements mentioned above show the maximum on the western side of the continent.
5) Similarly, it is observed that all the elements mentioned above show the minimum over the area along the longitudinal line on which the isotherm converges with the steepest temperature gradient.
The physical explanation of the described facts is as follows. The above elements relate closely to the distribution of the magnitude of disturbances over the globe, and the larger value is accompanied by the larger disturbances. It means that the meridional thermal exchange is larger on the western side of the continent than that of the eastern side because the disturbance at the latter is smaller than that of the former. Thus, it is evident that the following characteristics on thermal distribution are easily explainable.
1) On the western side of the continent: at high latitude it has higher temperature than that of the east, while lower temperature prevails at low latitude.
2) On the eastern side of the continent: at high latitude lower temperature prevails than that of the west, while warmer at low latitude.
Furthermore, comparing the cross sections along the longitudinal line (Figs. 5 (a) and (b)), we can find the trend that the lower (or higher) temperature along a longitudinal line is nearly compensated by the higher (or lower) temperature along the same line.
In the last paragraph 9 of this paper the distribution of annual precipitation is discussed. As the vapour pressure in the atmosphere is decided approximately by the air temperature distribution in a global scale, the isolines of precipitable water content diverge on the west side and converge on the east of the continent. In other words, analogous pattern to the isotherms is observed.
Precipitation pattern accompanying the above isolines of precipitable water contents is considered (Fig. 13 (a)). Adding this precipitation pattern to its normal pattern (Fig. 13 (b)) expected from the idealized general circulation, we can obtain the model pattern (Fig. 13 (c)) showing the geographical distribution of the annual precipitation on the continent. This pattern coincides well with the observed reslts.

View full abstract

1) After World War II, off-shore fishing industry such as salmon drift net fishery, banding fishery, and mackerel-pike stick-held dip net fishery, etc. has developed in eastern Hokkaido,
2) Hanasaki, Habomai, Akkeshi, Hiroo and Kushiro ports serve as bases for the off-shore fishing industry. Hanasaki port ocupies the second place in the total produce of salmon caught by drift net fishery next to Kushiro port, and vies with Kushiro for the first position in the total catch of mackerelmpike.
3) The reasons for the development of fishing industry at Hansaki port are as follows 1. Geographical position.
2. Proximity to the fishing ground.
3. Good port facilities.
4, Financial assistance and good labor condition.
5. Tranformation of fishing industry around. Nemuro changed from coastal fishing to off-shore fishing.
4) The development of of Hanasaki port as a center of fishing industry has greatly contributed to the economic rehabilitation of Nemuro and its own urbanization. Inasaki port is one of the bases for off-shore fishing like Kushiro and Akkeshi but its characteristics are its development and transformation as part of Nemuro.

View full abstract