[in Japanese]

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There are many questions concerning land use of Japan in the Tokugawa Shogunate. At. Ioi-mura, a small village in the Nara basin, many documents and old maps in the Tokugawa Shogunate are extant. They are cadastres at the end of the seventeenth century, and documents in which various kinds of. planted crops in each strip were registered. The present writer tried to draw the maps, which the contents of these documents are shown as far as possible, and further, to make clear the characteristics of land use in this village in the Tokugawa Shogunate.
There was cotton production besides rice production in this village. Cotton was one of the most important crops in the southwestern part of Japan, although its production fell into decay after about 1890 by the pressure of imported raw cotton. In Kinai (Osaka. Kyoto, Nara and their neibourhood), where the agriculture had progressed more than other districts from ancient times, cotton was planted not only in upland fields, but also in paddy fields alternately with rice every other year. This fact has already been pointed` out by Japanese historians, but it has never been verified. The above mentioned maps, the writer believes, make this fact concrete and clear. For instance, if we compare the map of planted crops in 1697 with that of the succeediag year, 1698, we find the following points: in those strips where cotton was planted in 1697, rice was planted in 1698, and vise versa. This alternation was done regularly. These strips, in which rice or cotton was planted, made some groups respectively, although each strip in a group was owned by different farmer. It seems that each farmer could not plant cotton or rice as he wanted in each paddy fields, that is, there was some agreement or the community regulations how to plant them.

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[in Japanese]

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1 It is difficult to explain the uniformity of the depth of shelf margin, in some various geological provinces, with the uniformity of the amount of the crustal movement in the Pleistocene Age.
2 The continental shelves around the Japanese Island are divided into two terraces which related to glacial eustasy during the late Pleistocene Ice Age.
3 During that time, the Japan Sea have continued lagoonal cond-ition, and the delta developed at the river mouth. These deltas consist of the continental shelves of the Japan Sea. Contrary, the Pacific side of the Japanese Islands, in many areas, the continental shelves are consisted of basal rocks which are exposed by marine erosion.
4 The time of shelf forming was between Elephas namadicies naumanni Makiyama and Mammonteus primiganius prinigenius Blumenbach, namely it was early Würm Ice Age.

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The most significant internal migrations of people in Japan can be grouped in three categories: the rural-urban exchange of population, prefecture-to-prefecture movements, and farm-to-farm migrations. To an analysis of prefecture-to-prefecture movements this paper is devoted.
By an analysis of birth place of the population by place of usual residence, much can be learned about the net result of the interchange of population among the prefectures. Of course, these data of the census of 1950 give us no information other than the prefecture of birth, on the movement of persons from one. prefecture to another.
Internal migration in Japan is summerized in the following aspects.
1 There are some centers in prefecture-to-prefecture migrations in Japan. These centers are centrifugal and centripetal ones of this mig-ration from and to ones.
2 These centers consist of Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka and Hokkaidc etc., on the other hand these ones form circles of migration of Tokyo, Osaka etc..
3 In-migration prefectures are metropolitan areas or centripetal, and centrifugal centers.
4 Out-migration prefectures are Yamanashi, Saga etc, with short distance and Hokuriku district with far distance from centers. The former is pulled to center, and the latter pushed to center by rural exodus.
5 It was found that there are much migration ratios in near prefecture each other, and still much in mutual center.

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