Communication has been utilized only as a criterium to decide on market areas or urban region, while the author has so far advanced the research to clarify what local structure communication has itself and of what local principles communication is made up. In other words, it is meant to systematize the geographical research in communication which has been neglected without being explored, that is, the establishment of communication geography.
This thesis deals with the key subject of communicative geography. 227 cities, towns and villages in Hokkaido were selected and telephone calls were taken as communication indices. First, the author surveyed the telephone ranges from the number of telephone calls, and the number of cities, towns and villages exchanging telephone calls. By setting up the definite standards for classification, the 227 ranges were classfied into 10, Arriving all-Hokkaido Types I and II, Sending Local Types I and II, Arriving Local Types I and II, Sending Regional Types I and II, and Arriving Regional Types I and II. Moreover, each telephone call range is arranged in layers according to their combination. Sapporo Range is the first Range that controls the whole area of Hokkaido. Under Sapporo Range comes the 2nd Range, which is divided into two different ones, the Double-layer Range, which governs certain cities, towns and villages, and the Single-layer Range which governs none of them. To the former belong 19 ranges, while to the latter belong 19 cities, towns and villages. Each of the Double-layer Ranges of the 2nd Range has the 3rd Range, with the Single-and the Double-layer Range, under which come the 4th and the 5th Ranges in turn.
The author analysed the factors whereby the telephone call-ranges were established. The ranges can be arranged spatially in layers all over Hokkaido, with vertically subordinate relations.
‘Distance’ is the biggest of all the factors forming the Ranges, together with the population in communicative people. Distance can be classified into 3 sorts, straight line distance which is generally the most effective, traffic distance and traffic-time distance. Communicative people have both theoretically and actually a great many sorts and contents. The most important of all the facts is that as to communicative people population is the strongest and most effective factor. Next, we cannot neglect the topographical circumstance, the industrial structure, the relation with the distribution of competitive cities, and the nature of the area.
As above-mentioned, telephone-call ranges imply not only commercial and urban force areas, but the regional structure of city, town, or village (an area) is the dominant factor on exchanging telephone calls with many other cities, towns and villages having contact with the former. Accordingly, by analysing and synthesizing teleppone-call ranges as a main factor, all the relations of government and subordination of any city, town, and village can be explained and understood clearly.

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It is said that the ecological systems of big wild mammals are closely connected in many points with the Oecumene of mankind. For this reason, the author expected to get some clues to the structure of the Oecumene through the examinations of variations in ecological characteristics of those systems. As the population is a better indicator of geographical conditions of the area, so the numbers of wild mammals will be a good indicator of their ecological systems. Then he has investigated some data of the numbers of wild mammals from various materials. Some of the materials are located in the Documents of Ikeda Library at Okayama University. These documents consist of the official diary of the Okayama Clan, a large feudal domain from the 17th to the 19th Century, and other official or private papers of the lords. The diary contains the numbers of wild mammals and birds which were hunted by the lords of this clan.
In this report, the author investigated mainly the ups and downs of the hunted numbers of wild-boar and deer in three hunting zones on the hills at the north and north-east outskirts of Okayama City, and other areas. The names of the hills are Handa-yama, Tatsunokuchi-yama and Takakura-yama from west to north-east in turn. The hills must have been designated as hunting zones, since they were located along a big river, Asahi-gawa, through which they were easily accessible by boat. Because the huntings of the lord used to require thousands of corvée peoples who were obliged to surround the hill and drive mammals into a corner of a valley, where the lord stood waiting and shot them. These huntings would be a great training for battle operations at that age as well as a festival.
The author observed vegetations, rocks, sizes and other conditions of ground surfaces of the hills, which have many relations to the mammal life. With the results of his observation, he examined other data in the Okayma domain at different poriods from the 17th to the 19th Century.
The conclusions are as follows; in the former period of the Edo Era, the Okayama Clan did not yet obtain the exclusive possession of certain hunting zones, only making a temporary hunting area on occassion. In the area of Okayama at that time, there presumably existed a great number of wild mammals, since the lord caught 40 to 60 deer or more in every hunting by using bows and arrows only. But as the forest protective policy of the clan was carried into effect, dense forests and bushes in the domain turned into good habitats for wild-boar, and, on the contrary, deer which liked open grasslands diminished in number.
For instance, in the Kojima Peninsula, where manufactures and fishery were prosperous, the type of agricultural management turned into intensive one on the small fields and the grassland for cattle turned gradually into forests or bushes. Then deer disappeared all over the peninsula, whereas wild-boad and hare increased in number.
At the last stage of this period, the clan began to obtain some exclusive possession of hunting zones confined to certain aeras such as the three hills mentioned above, so there came the concentration of many wild mammals in the area. The reason for this concentration would be that the reclamation and clearing of lands had been encouraged since that time. These prohibited hunting zones became a great annoyance for the inhabitants in the neighborhood. Many suit papers against it are found in the Library. According to other records at the time, however, there is an undeniable evidence that the population density of wild big mammals rather decreased in every part of the domain.
In the latter period of the Edo Era, formal hunting of the clan was held only in the above mentioned zones, among which the number of hunted deer increased especially at Takakura-yama, whereas the numbers of wild-boar and hare diminished. But no such distinct fluctuations were recognized in the other two zones.

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Tokyo, Osaka and Aichi Prefectures¹⁾; the three largest economic centers in Japan, attract a huge number of laborers every year. It amounts to 47 per cent of the country's working population that is absorbed in those areas, which are in need of increased labor power as their businesses and industries continue to grow. The growing industries in the other parts of Japan, however, seek labor supply from their local areas, and this trend of labor concentration in the three areas is somewhat moderated. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyze the labor force pouring into those three areas, or labor markets, in order to clarify the characteristics of each market.
Tokyo obtains 82 per cent of its labor force from the surrounding Kanto, Tohoku and Tosan²⁾ Areas, found continously in the north-eastern part of Japan. Osaka finds its labor supply in the south-western part of the country; 60 per cent of it comes from Kinki, Chugoku and Shikoku Areas, while the rest comes mainly from Kyushu. Aichi, located between Tokyo and Osaka, obtains only 26 per cent of its labor from the surrounding four prefectures, and the rest from all parts of the country, including Kyushu. The labor-supply areas of Aichi are thus scattered throughout the country.
The number of agricultural population has much to do with the flows of laborers; the area which has a large number of agrarian people gives off a large flow of laborers. The flows are also conditioned by differences in wage according to each area. As a rule, the flows are decided by such conditions as distance, transportation, history and economy, but exceptions can be made by such elements as social and psychological reasons, and types of jobs which require special talents, education or sex.

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