The purpose of this paper is to classify objectively central places in Korea into hierarchical orders. In order to clarify the Korean urban hierarchy, three methods (i.e. Davies', Beavon's and the factor analysis) were employed in this study. Though these three methods have their own merits and demerits, the writer would like to point out that the results based on Beavon's relative homogeneity (H'q) seem to be best suitable to classify central places in Korea into hierarchical orders. Based on the results of Beavon's H'q, the hierarchical orders of central places were compared with such previously verified characteristics as the orders of nodal region and the integrated charateristics of Korean cities to understand central place system. The data for 157 central places and 57 central establishments in the “Municipal Year Book of Korea in 1975” were analyzed.
The main results are summarized as follows:
1. Central places having similar Davies' functional index are found in various hierarchy cal levels due to the difference in the composition of business type. Peavon's frequency modulated relative homogeneity (H'qm) tends to overestimate a central place which has some specialized central functions in the process of weighing the central function, whereas his H'q does not emphasize the difference by deviation of the score of a specialized central function. In addition to these, his method does not emphasize the particular scores of those central places but the similarity among central places. Rn the other hand, factor analysis using incidence matrix tends to disregard qualitive characteristics of central functions, so that there is a great loss of details. However, in the factor analysis using ratio data, the difference of structure and the size of central functions are confused in the process of analyzing correlation matrix, which causes difficulties in its applications.
2. The hierarchical orders of 157 central places were analyzed and classified in six orders using Beavon's H'q and the Ward's cluster analysis (Table 2, Figs. 4 and 5). It was proved that the central place hierarchy in Korea corresponds in no way to Walter Christaller's three principles in terms of number of central places. The orders of nodal region based on long distance telephone calls of 35 cities are identified by three orders (Table 3 and Fig. 6). Seoul dominates all the central places not only in the hierarchical orders of central places but also in the orders of nodal region. The second and third order central places, such as Busan and Daegu, have their sphere of influence in the city level, but are subordinated to the sphere of influence of Seoul. Central places below the fourth order do not have their own sphere of influence. This means that with the modernization of transportation system, the sphere of one day's journey from Seoul covers whole Korea, which results in the subordination of all the other centers to Seoul.
3. Population size, the number of establishment as well as population density and population growth rate have shown tendency of increase in proportion to their hierarchical orders (Table 4). The first order, Seoul, is with the highest level in population size, functional establishments and population density. Busan and Daegu are next to Seoul. The three higher order centers hold more than 60% and 50% in urban population and all functional establishments, respectively. The fourth order centers, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejon and Masan, are placed in the medium order. Through the comparison of the hierarchical orders of central places and the results of integrated characteristics in Korean cities (Table 5), it has been proved that Seoul is characterized by its primacy. The six largest centers and other specialized industrial centers of Masan, Pohang and Ulsan have played an important role in the process of high economic growth in Korea.

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It is well known that the slow mass-movement due to ground frost is the most important process in alpine regions. Though there are a lot of studies about it, the detail of process is remained without any complete explanation. The slope processes must be complicated, because the climatic environment of the Japanese high mountains is peculiar, with the severe influences of strong prevailing wind, dense snowfall during winter and heavy rainfall during summer. In this paper the natures and rates of slow mass-movement processes were investigated on the vegetation-free and debris-mantled slopes above the forest line of Mt. Shirouma Dake (36°4, 5'N, 137°45'E), the Japan Alps.
The five localities for field investigation were selected on the slopes with gradient between 10° and 30° at the altitude of about 2, 500m a, s.1. All slopes are covered with the surfacee rubble layers consisting of rhyolite rock fragments without fine matrix, while two of them are free from snowcover even in winter because of strong wind, the others are coverd with :snowpatches remaining till summer. Surface rock fragments were painted on twenty-two measurement lines nearly horizontal to the slopes in 1974, and fourteen pieces of plastic tubes were inserted into the ground vertically in 1970 and 1974. The deformations of painted lines were measured in the summer of 1975 and 1976, and those of the plastic tubes in the summer of 1976.
The deformation features of painted lines are classified into a parallel pattern (Fig. 4-A) and four kinds of lobe like patterns, that is, a narrow festoon (Fig. 4-B), a festoon (Fig. 4C), a wedge (Fig. 4-D), and a scattered pattern (Fig. 4-E). The factors controlling the :nature of the movement were considered analyzing the observations of the slope materials, the slope gradient, the type and intensity of ground frost, and the condition of soil moisture on each pattern of deformation, respectively.
The parallel pattern occurred on all slopes mantled with the thick surface rubbles of cobble size. The rate of the movement was low, ranging 1_??_10 cm/yr. These imply that the processes forming this pattern are talus creep and frost creep. Since the tops of plastic tubes showed mostly the same feature of the movement as that of the parallel pattern, talus creep and frost creep should have occurred on all of the studied slopes.
On the other hand, lobe like patterns were recognized on the slopes with the thin surface rubbles of pebble size. The narrow festoon pattern which occurred on snowless gentle slopes with sorted stripes is considered to have been mainly formed by downslope displacement of particles due to the daily repetition of making-up and collapse of needle ice (needle ice creep). The festoon and wedge patterns which ocurred on the snow-rich slopes with thin surface rubbles of pebble size were formed by gelifluction and rapid solifluction in the snow-melting season. The scattered pattern was found not only on the slopes with or without thin surface rubble layers in snow-rich environment, but also on steep slopes in snowless environment. Slope-wash by rain and melting water acts on important role in the movement of rock fragments on the former and rapid rolling down of particles does on the latter, respectively.
The high rate of the movement occured in the place where many processes overlap with each other. The rate largely depends upon not only the climatic condition but the property of slope materials.

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Die Waldgrenze ist eine wichtige Grenzlinie der Vegetation. Die Waldgrenze als ein Teil der Landschaft wird durch die Korrelation der Geofaktoren in jedem Standort bestimmt. Der Verfasser hat im vorliegenden Aufsatz diese Korrelation von einem geoökologischen Standpunkt aus untersucht. Das Arbeitsgelände ist in diesem Falle ein Teil der Lechtaler und der Ötztaler Alpen in Tirol, Österreich. Zusammenfassend läßt sick folgendes feststellen:
I.Egg-Gebiet Die leicht verwitterten Fleckenmergel bilden einen sanften Hang, der der Sonne zugeneigtist. Aus diesem Grundist er zur Wiesen- und Weidebewirtschaftung: geeignet. Infolgedessen hat man den Hang großenteils entwaldet und somit die Waldgrenze herabgedrückt, die niedriger als die potentielle Waldgrenze in diesem Gebiet ist.
II. Hahntennjoch-Gebiet Die Landschaft des Waldgrenzsaumes zeigt eine Asymmetrie zwischen Nord- und Südseite. Die der Sonne ausgesetzten Seite ist zum überwiegenden Teil entwaldet, und wird als Weidefläche genutzt. Die Schattenseite ist mit Wald (Fichte, Lärche, Zirbe und Legföhre) bedeckt, je nach Stabilität der Schutthalde. Für die Zirbe ist dies eines der nördlichsten Gebiete, in der die klimatischen Bedingungen für ihr Auftreten noch ausreichen.
III, Verpeil-Gebiet Da die Hänge zu steil sind, hat sick auf der sonnenexponierten Seite keine Almwirtschaft entwickelt. Über die Schattenhänge ist der Zirben-Lärchenwald großfiächig verbreitet und nur durch Lawinenbahnen unterbrochen.
IV. Kehm-Gebiet Hier spielen der geomorphologische und anthropogene Faktoren eine große Rolle. Auf der Trogschulter mit sanften Steigungen findet man zwei bewirtschaftete Almen, die für das Sinken der Waldgrenze verantwortlich sind. Die Zirbe als die potentiell natürliche Vegetation tritt daher in diesem Gebiet nur an unzulänglichen und felsigen Standorten auf und deutet somit auf eine Waldgrenze hin, die näher an der potentiellen Waldgrenze liegt.
V. Valkauns-Gebiet Charakteristisch für dieses Gebiet ist der Lärchenwald, der bier eine große Fläche einnimmt. Für Lärchen finden sich hier indirekt günstige Bedingungen, da sich der Humusboden im Blockmeergebiet kaum entwickelt hat. Für die Almwirtschaft ergeben sich ebenfalls günstige Bedingungen, weil der nacheiszeitlich gebildete Bergschutthang sanft und zur Sonnenseite exponiert ist.

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The deformations of fluvial terraces along the lower course of the Shinano River and its tributaries are well. known examples of active folds in Japan. The Shinano River flows almost northward approximately parallel to the main synclinal structure of the Plio-Pleistocene Uonuma Group, and pours into the Sea of Japan. Therefore, active folds succeeding its structure appear as the deformation of cross sections of terrace plains. The pattern of deformation due to active folding is demonstrated in the terrace distribution map and cross sections. Details of several examples of folded terraces are explained based on the descriptions of newly found good outcrops which confirm the deformation of terrace surfaces concordant with the foldings of terrace deposits.

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