Deciding the position of the Pacific Polar Frontal Zone in January from 1952 to 1957 by the frontal frequencies on daily synoptic weather maps, two different movements of the zone are found: 1. While the zone off the eastern side of Japanese Islands is apt to go up north, it has a tendency to run southward off the western coast of North America. 2. A quite reversal movement to above mentioned also takes place in each area. (Fig. 1)
Correlation ratio of given point at the Japanese Pacific side with other places around the North Pacific in regard to monthly mean temperature and total precipitation in January is calculated to seek the regional differences in the climatic fluctuation of there. For the tempera-ture, while high ratio areas expands from the northern part of the Korean Peninsula to the inland part of Asian continent, the low ratio areas covers northeastern Siberia and the west coast of U.S.A. (Fig. 2) For the precipitation, high ratio area covers the Korean Peninsula, inland of Asia, the northeastern Siberia and the west coast of U.S.A., the low ratio area covers the northern part of the Sea of Japan and Alaska. (Fig. 3)
Observing secular variation of the mean temperature and total precipitation in January on both sides of the North Pacific, the author finds a regularity that the warm rainy season of the Japanese Pacific side coinsides with the cold rainy season of western coast of the U.S.A. and cold dry season of the former coinsides with the warm dry season of the latter. (Tab. 1 and Fig. 4)
Making a composite map of frontal frequencies according to the pattern of temperature anomaly, he finds that the movement of the frontal zone is usefull to explain the climatic fluctu-ation above mentioned. Seesaw-like movement of the frontal zone is seen also on another map (Pig. 5) in accordance with the pattern of temperature anomaly on both sides of the ocean. Adequate movements of frontal zone is recognized by the strong westerlies on the com-posite maps of east-west components of geostrophic wind at 500mb level. (Pig. 6)
To make sure of relationship between atmospheric circulation pattern and the temperature anomaly pattern, a model of atmospheric circulation which is expected to show the negative anomaly of mean monthly temperature over both regions is made ref Bring to the conditions of above mentioned results. The model shows us three movements: 1. Southward movement of the polar frontal zone along the both side of the ocean. 2. South and eastward expansion of easterly wind area over the north west Pacific at 500mb level. 3. Strengthening of westerlies over the east coast of Asia and southward movement of westerlies axis over the west coast of U.S.A. at 500mb level. Applying this model to actual case of January 1963 when the mean monthly temperature shows negative anomaly on both sides of the ocean, they coincide with each other. Then, he conclude that the seesaw-like movement of the frontal zone and ade-quate changes of upper atmospheric circulation for that of frontal zone might be taken as a decisive factor to provide the regional differences of climatic fluctuation on both sides of the Pacific Ocean.

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The Asake, Mitaki and Utsube Rivers rise in the Suzuka Mountains, run eastward through the alluvial plain and flow into the Ise Bay (Fig. 1). The geological conditions of the river basin in the mountainous areas present striking contrast each other. The Asake River basin, for instance, consists only of granite, while that of the Mitaki River contains Paleozoic rocks in addition to granite. And most portion of the Utsube River basin is composed of Paleozoic rocks.
Meanwhile, the longitudinal profiles of the three rivers have a common characteristics : they have concave reaches in the upper stream and straight reaches in the lower. Among the upper stream, the Asake River has the greatest concavity and the Utsube River the smallest (Fig. 2, A. B).
The purpose of this study is to investigate the cause that has created the difference in the concavity in the longitudinal profiles of the three rivers. Thus the observation is made not only on the particle size of the bed material but also on the grain lithology.
The study of the relationship between the particle size of the bed material and the change of channel slope downstream as each rivers has led to the following findings :
(1) The distribution of maximum size grains in the bed material of each river changes exponentially (Sternberg's law). However, it is subject to the grain lithology and is not corre-lated with the change of channel slope (Fig. 2, C).
(2) The downstream change of channel slope-concavity-is closely correlated with the change in median size of bed material downstream (Fig. 2, B. D).
(3) L, ithological separation of bed material, however, indicates that the change in the median size of bed material downstream does not correlated with the channel slope. The change in the size of bed material is characterized by the peculiarity in the distribution of each kind of rock involved. For instance, granite breaks up rapidly into mineral particles, 2-3mm in diameter, but the diminishing rate of the particle size, further on, is very small. The di-minishing rate of particle size of Paleozoic rocks is very small as compared with that of granite (Fig. 2, D).
(4) Therefore, the downstream change of bed material size is influenced by its lithologic composition. And the lithological composition of bed material exactly reflects the geological conditions of each river basin in the mountainous area (Fig. 3).
Reflecting the lithology of the mountainous part, the bed material of the Asake River is composed of granite, and the downstream change of the bed material size indicates that of granite debris, so the Asake River produces great concave profile in its upper reaches and the straight profile in its lower reaches. On the other hand, the Utsube River, mainly consists of Paleozoic rocks, has the bed material of Paleozoic rocks, so it produces small concave profile. The longitudinal profile of the Mitaki River has intermediate character of two other rivers, due to the lithology of her basin.
Concludingly, it may be said, that the difference of the concavity of longitudinal profiles of these rivers are mainly due to the difference in the lithologic conditions of the mountainous part of each river basin. The more quickly the particle size of bed material diminishing down-stream, the more the longitudinal profile becomes concave. Then, it may be said, that the concavity of longitudinal profiles of alluvial rivers is one of good examples of the configura-tions formed under the influence of lithologic condition (ROCK CONTROLLED TOPOGRAPHY).

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The purpose of this paper is to make clear the change of cross profile of gullies develop-ing on the southern slope of the Nantai Volcano, located in the western part of Tochigi Prefecture. Types of gullies are briefly classified into two ; the gully having cliffs, and the V-shaped gully without cliffs. The former of them was investigated on the change of cross profiles, constituent materials and mass-movement during the period from spring in 1966 to summer in 1967. Main results obtained are summarized as follows.
1) During the period of heavy rain, the amount of deepening in the wider gullies is not larger than those in the narrower ones.
2) After establishing the rill along the gully bottom, the foot slope which is the intermediate slope between the cliff and the rill, increases temporarily its gradient by the mass-movement. The magnitude of slope change is less in the wider gullies than in the narrower ones.

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There have been many groups of irrigation water utilization called Ike-go or Ide-go in the Nara Basin. These groups consist of several villages, with two influential ones called Kagimoto and Izukasa as their centers, thus constituting strongly united bodies. Some villages or groups enjoy greater water rights than others, and this has brought about division of classes. With many water-utilization groups distributed, and strict customs controlling them, the regula-tions are laid down for water utilization of the basin. Construction of modern dams and ur-banization have caused less strict customs, resulting in re-organization of the regulations.
1) There are 96 Ide-go groups, 40 Ike-go groups, and 9 drainage groups out of a total of 145 water-utilization groups. The total number of villages joining these kinds of associa-tion is 360, occupying 78 per cent of the villages in the basin. These average number of constituting villages in Ide-go or Ike-go is 3. The largest constituting villages in Ide-go is Jukka Ide-go along the River Tondo and it consists of 9 villages with 175 ha of irrigation area. As for Ike-go, Hatao Ike-go which consists of 7 villages and Kodai ji Ike-go with 6 villages are the largest ones. In most cases, the irrigation area of each groups is less than 50 ha. The area or extent of the Ike-go groups is smaller than that of Ide-go, because Ike-go has not a few storing reservoirs with shallow bottoms and therefore with smaller volume of water is kept in them. The Ide-go groups are comparatively densely distributed in the south eastern part of the basin where the Hase River flows in the middle. In the southern part of the basin 75 groups are distributed, occupying 80 per cent of the total. The Ike-go groups are compara-tively sparsely distributed in the northern and southern parts of the basin where irrigation ponds are found. Both groups are not so large because rivers are short and their water volume is small. These areas were divided into complex manors and feudal domains in the past, thus making irrigation development difficult.
2) About one-third of the villages join two groups or more. Some of them even join both irrigation group and drainage one whose functions are utterly opposite, thus making their respective relations and interests quite intricate. Villages joining two groups or more are mainly distributed along rivers which seem to act as regulations for irrigation water use. This complexi-ty of the regulation is a local peculiarity and a characteristic of farming districts of the Nara Basin. Moreover, in the lower area extending from the middle to the western part of the basin, many drainage groups are to be found. Even among these groups there are some vil-lages which join irrigation groups, thus showing the further delicate mutual relations and interests.
3) The origin of the organization of the groups of irrigation water utilization is old, being already found in the medieval ages at many places, especially on the foot of mountains where they could easily get water. The Iwai Rivers and Anashi are the cases. As the development of the basin area (e. g. construction of conduits as well as reservoirs) proceeded, many groups were organized for irrigation water use. Of them, there are such influential villages as Kagi-moto and Idemoto, governing the remaining ones. These governing villages occupy the places where powerful families once lived in historical days and where they could enjoy the ad-vantages of geographical positions, hence the gradation of various kinds and even discriminations between the governing villages and others. In some cases, hierarchically arranged villages stand side by side with Kagimoto in the center. In the case of Ide-go, villages upperstream enjoy greater advantages than those downstream and the latter often are under the control of the former, resulting in the formulation of the regulations for water utilization.

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The writer has tried to make analysis of the agglomeration of the branch offices of large companies in four cities-Sapporo, Sendai, Hiroshima and Fukuoka, all being the most outstanding central places of the relevant regions.
Agglomeration of the branch offices is conspicuous in the cities which have higher centrality. In July, 1966, there were 1300-2000 branch offices in the regional central cities such as Sapporo, Sendai, Hiroshima and Fukuoka. And that, agglomeration in these four cities is quite large as compared with their urban scale (Fig. 1).
According to the industrial classification of their head offices, about 70% of these branch offices are either manufacturing industries or wholesale and retail trade, and 47-53% of their head offices fall in the capital group with over 100 million yen, implying the branches of big businesses.
Number of employees of the branches is not determined generally by the enterprise scale but mostly by the business in charge or economic environment in the business area. Consequently, 80% of the branch offices are with less than 30 employees.
The head offices are mainly found in Tokyo and Osaka. In the cases of Sapporo and Sendai, the proportion of Tokyo head offices occupies 59-62%, whereas for Hiroshima and Fukuoka, but it is lower for Sapporo and Sendai. Namely, the location of the branch offices greatly depends on accessibility and mobility from Tokyo and Osaka.
Establishment of the branches in the four cities became common after World War II, and has been conspicuous especially since 1960 (Fig. 2). Concentration in the four cities started in the order of Fukuoka, Sapporo, Hiroshima and Sendai, and this fact nearly accords with the order of the number of branches.
As mentioned above, concentration and agglomeration of the branch offices of companies have corresponded to the very fast economic growth of Japanese capitalism. It has become quite clear that the big businesses have actualized the control over the regional economy through the mechanism of arranging regional functions.

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