The author has studied the stock-raizing of Oki island, an isolatedd island in the Sea of Japan. The results may be sununerized as follows:
1. In the 12_??_13 centuries, there were several grazing grounds in Oki island. They were the estate of a powerful family.
2. The “Makihata” (maki=pasture, hata=upland field) system was established in the 1.6 th. century, a system to utilize a land rotationally for stockraizing and cultivation in a period of four, years. The system was highly regardedas a means of self-supporting of food in an isolated island as Oki in the feudal age. So the system was widely put in practice.
3. In the Tokugawa period (1603_??_1867), each family in. Oki had 2.4 head of live-stock on the average. The figures were the highest in Japan at that time.
4. At the time when, the “Makihata” system was prevailing, almost the same number of cattle and horses were kept in Oki as plough-live-stock. As to cattle, bulls were dominant in number owing to their vigorousness.
5. In the Meiji period. (1868_??_1912), as a new habit of flesh diet gradually diffused to the people of our country, cattle became to have a new rôle other than being a plough-live-stock. A remarkable decrease in number of horses took place in Oki, and cows, instead of bulls, were mainly kept for the purpose of breeding.
6. Along with the change as mentionedd above, the “Makihata” system disintegrated. The area of Makihata (pasture-field) became to be used more and more widely as grazing ground and less and less as cultivated land.
7. Now, the stock-raizing in Oki has differentiated according to region. Cattle are.bred and brought-up in the graizing grounds in Dozen, the southwestern portion of Oki, where the Makilata had. occupied an extensive area. The calves and cattle brought-up in Dozen are sold to Dogo, the north-eastern portion of Oki, where the arable lands are not scanty. There the calves and cattle are fattened in sheds, then sold to the markets in the main island of Japan.
8. In some, part of Dozen, a plan has laid in regard to the intensive use of graizing grounds. Though it is slow, the project is now in progress.

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Hunderte kleinen Staaten wren in den Japanischen Inseln, die hatten rich einander in der Zeit. 1_??_3 Jahrhundert separoren. Es kann nicht kennen über die damalige Geschichte infolge des Nichtbestehen der Schrift. Es war in den ersten Jahren des 4 Jahrhundert wenn die Yamato Dynastie hatte ins Zentrum der Japanische Inseln geschienen und das Territorium hatte angewachsen indem einverleiben mitt dem Fürstentumer. Das war gerade ein. Keim des gegenwärtige Japanisches Reich. Er kann kaum die Japanische Geschichte in der Zeit 1_??_3 Jahrhundert kennen mitt die ungewiß literaturen, die war von den alte Chinesen gelassen worden. Aber es scheint dem Verfasser dal daß möchte ohne Mühe zu kennen sein durch die Japanischen Ortsnamen. Aber der Verfasser will die Zeit von ersten Jaren der Yamato, Dynastie-die alte Geschichte von der Zeit 4_??_7 Jahrhundert nach den. Japanischen Ortsnamen erklären.
Man kann die zahireiche Ortsnamen von “-be” befinden sich in Japanische Inseln. Die Siedlungen von diejenige Ortsnamen waren von Privatvölker enter ordnen sick zu den kaiserliche Familien oder einflußreiche Familien gewohnen worden. Dieser Siedlungen meistens hattenn einige von Völk-er eine bestimmter Erbbeschäftigung betreiben. Sie waren, zum Beispiel, Waffenschmieden, Soldaten, Fischer, Sintô-Priester, Töpfer, Weber, Schmiede, oder Viehzüchter. Diese Völker waren die Kolonisten vom Korea oder China herübergekommen haben. Die Yamato Dynastie habe nach nationaler Urbarmachung und industriellen Fortschritte gestroben, indem er für solchen Kulturmenschen ausbeuten. Dank hinen Japanische Kultur hat große Schritte genommen. Und jeder kaiserliche Familie oder einflußreiche Familie. hat each solcher Kulturmenschen gejagt. Hierauf, viele Ortsnamen von. “-be” haben in Japanisehe Inseln ergeschienen in der Zeit 4_??_5 Jahrhundert. Innerhalb der Siedlungen mitt solcher Ortsnamen, es gab also einige Siedlungen, die waren, von allein Bauern gewohnen worden. Sie hatten Arbeitsdienst oder Tribut zurn ihrer Herren angeboten an einer bestimmter Zeit.
Abbildung I zeig t den solcher Ortsnamen. Dritterlei Regionen. sind da nach der Dichtigkeit von solcher Ortsnamen. Die höchest Region, liegt in der Mitte, entspricht dem zentral Gebiete der damalige Kultur. Und darn der Verfassef machte Abbildungen II_??_VI; er hat einige Ortsn;megruppen in jeder Beschäftigung aus solcher menge Ortsnamen ausgewählt. Jeder Erklärun ist in jeder Abbildung.
Anderseits die Ortsnamen “Miyake” (Mi=Höflichkeitswart, -yake=Getreidemagazin) and “Tadokoro” (Ta=Reisfeld, -dokoro=Ort) rindd da. Diese hatten in der vorangehende Zeit von 5 Jahrhundert ersehienen. “Miyake” war das Territoriurn der kaiserliche Familie and “Tadokoro” einflußreiche Faniilie. Privatvölker, war dort und-den Acker bestellte. In der Zeit die Urbamachung hat Fortschritte gelnaeht, also viele Reservoire undd gößer Dolmen w wren gebaut worden. Die Verbreitung “Tadokoro” (Abb. VII) ist ins Südwesten der Japanische Inseln, dean “Tadokoro” war der Grundbesitz von einflußreiche Familie and solcher Familien hatten in der Südwest Region geblohen. Aber man kann die Ortsnamen “Miyake” befinden in der Zentrum von Japan ische Inseln, in der Umgebung von Yamato Staat (Abb. VII), denn sie waren Grundbesitzen der kaiserliche Familien.

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In the previous paper the present author studied the relation between the wind direction and the topography at a station in a mountainous region, using an expression of the numerical index which was calculated from the topographical map (1:50, 000). At that time he pointed outt hat more detailed relationships must be investigated by the field observations. The reason for this is that the table work using the topographical map could not calculate the numerical index of microtopography both with the limits of the accurate calculation and of the. expression of contour lines at maps. The other results, obtained by the comparative studies of the diurnal change of air temperature, confirmed that the atmospheric turbulence plays the important role in a area within a small valley.
Considering the results above-mentioned, he tried the observation of the atmospheric turbulence in a moderate. scale in a small area, Nishiura, Izu Peninsula. In order to obtain satisfactory results, firstly the preliminary observation is projected to select the observation. points at the various localities. The observation points, as shown in Fig. 1 and Tab. 1, were selected on the ridge, the upper and lower part of valley slope, and the valley bottom (stationtion No. -1, -2, -3, -4) of the lower, middle and upper course of the river (station No. 1-, 2-, 3-). Using the Mori-type anemograph, wind velocity. of maximum frequency along 16-directions were observed from 12h to 16h on March 8th, 1952. As shown in Fig. 2 (a), the difference of wind conditions at various points are comparatively great. After the analysis of variance (Tab. 2), summary of the preliminary observation is lead as follows:
(1) On, the ridge (station 11, 21, 31) the prevailing wind direction, was from south to east with velocity of 3-5m/s.
(2) As compared with this, at the valley slope the prevailing wind direction turns clockwise. At the valley bottom, the wind keeps still its clock wise. direction.
(3) Above-mentioned results were average as shown in Fig. 2 (b). This is significant as the wind characteristics affected by the microtopography.
(4) As a conclu.sion, it can be said that the simultaneously observed points in main observation must be selected at the area of one topographical unit, such as the ridge area, the valley bottom area, or the area of middle course of the river.
Then, the author attemptedd to try the main observation using the Nakaasatype anemometer. The difference in type of the used instruments between preliminary and main observation is not significant from the results of comparative obsevation as shown in Tab. 3. In the main observation, carried out on March 21st and 22nd, he investigated the intensity of turbulence, mean wind, velocity, mean wind direction and its variance, from the value observed in every one minute at the four stations. The observation points reported in this paper were selected at the coastal station and the ridge stations of lower, middle and upper course of the river. Comparing the values with each other, following summary is obtained:
(1) The intensity of tubulence g=_??_/u at each point isshown in Tab. 4 (a). According to the analysis of variance, the differences of magnitude and the. different relations, due to the dissimilar direction of the prevailing wind, are. not significant. It is meaningful, however, that the value at a particular point indicates the significant difference between that at the other point or under the diverse wind conditions at the same point.
(2) The relation between the mean wind velocity and microtopography is, also not so clear as shown in Tab. 4 (b) from the results of the present observation. In general, the peculiar value of mean wind velocity appears different localities owing to the prevailing wind direction.

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[in Japanese]

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