In this paper, the trade area of daily shopping goods, which is an element of the internal structure of city level trade area, is analized through the shopping behavior for daily shop-ping goods. The results of this analysis can bee summarized as follows.
1) A store cluster with daily shopping goods and the first level trade area On an average, a store of daily shopping goods needs more than 150 households as the threshold population, and a store cluster with a set of daily shopping goods supplies daily needs with approximately 330 households, which form the first (the lowest) level trade area. The increase of 180 households in the first level trade area ensures the location of another set of daily shopping goods. The spatial range of the first level trade area is within the access of ten minutes on foot or within the radius of 500 meters from the center of the store cluster.
2) Some postulates on the shopping behavior for daily shopping goods The shopping behavior for daily shopping goods which arises within a city level trade area is classified into two types; the first is the behavior to a neighborhood (the nearest) store cluster, and the second is to a cluster off local and higher order store. The reason to cause such behaviors is that the consumer selects a store cluster considering not only the distance to the store cluster but also its retail function. Thus, when the consumer pur-chases daily shopping goods, two types of postulates on the shopping behavior can be recog-nized. One is a postulate that “the consumer selects the nearest store cluster” and the other is that “he selects the nearest and a higher order store cluster”. The former takes account of only one variable, distance, the latter considers two variables, distance and retail function.
3) The internal structure of city level trade area in terms of the shopping behavior for daily shopping goods
Generally, the more a neighborhood store cluster has retail functions and the farther it is from a higher order one, the more the consumer has a preference for the distance postu-late and the higher the level of self-sufficiency is in the first level trade area. On the con-trary, the less a neighborhood store cluster has retail functions and the nearer it is to a high-er order store cluster, the more the consumer has a preference for the distance-function post-ulate, the lower the level of self-sufficiency is in the first level trade area and the stronger the tendency is to form a second level trade area around a higher order store cluster In this way, it is recognized that the shopping behavior for daily shopping goods organizes the hierarchical structure with a complementary relationship between the first level trade area and the second level one. This is an element of the internal structure of city level trade area in terms of the shopping behavior for daily shopping goods.

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The purpose of this study is to elucidate some changing aspects of the suburban farming settlements near Ichikawa City in relation to the transaction of farmlands and changes in land-use as a result of recent urbanization Although a number of studies have been made on suburban farming settlement, few have pursued the changes mentioned above. Three settlements were chosen for this study based on the different distances from the city center of Ichikawa ; Miyakubo : the nearest distance to the city center, Omachi the farthest from the center, and Ono : mid-way between Miyakubo and Omachi (Fig. 1).
The author made continual systematic field surveys on these settlements for several years. The data on the conversion of land-use were obtained from the Agricultural Commission of Ichikawa Municipality which covers the period from 1961 to 1973.
(1) The municipal area of Ichikawa City, which this study includes, has been under the strong urban influence of Tokyo Metropolis,
(2) After the 1960's, the conversion of farm-lands to non-agricultural land-use has increased annually, keeping pace with the advance of urbanization in the settlements under study. At the same time, the propotion of the area converted without a change of ownership to that of the total conversions lands has gradually increased as well (Fig. 2).
(3) The conversion of farm-lands to residential lots took place more often in the settle-ment nearest to the city center of Ichikawa, while conversion to factories, public institutions and warehouses took place in an area remote from the center. However conversion to residential lots is becoming more and more general in all the settlements (Fig. 3, 4, 5 and 6).
(4) The conversion of farm-lands to other land-use without transfer of ownership is mainly for private of rental houses or apartments which are rented by the farmers who are the owners, or for their own personal residences (Tab. 3).
(5) In the nearest settlement to the city center, conversion of their farm-lands is rather popular, even among the farming households with more than 1.5 ha. However, the sma-ller households with less than 1.5 ha find it difficult to get along only with farming, due to the decrease in their holdings as a result of conversion.
In the settlement farthest from the center, the decrease of farm-lands has resulted more from selling than conversion. In fact, farming households with more than 1.0 ha have increased rather than decreased in their landed properties by purchase of farm-lands.
In the settlement located at the midway point, the area of farm-lands either transferred to the other owners or converted to other land use is large, and as a result, farm-land area sold or used for purposes other than farming covers a large area. It was also found that in this area, land being purchased for farming only is very rare (Fig. 7).

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The Atera fault, a major active fault in central Japan, extends 80 km from NW to SE and has left-lateral displacement with a relative uplift of the NE block. Evidences of Late Quaternary displacements along a main fault of this fault zone were clearly observed on a road-cutting at the Onosawa Pass, 6 km NW of Sakashita Town, Gifu Prefecture.
The observations of the fault outcrop and C¹⁴ datings of black soils or buried woods reveal the followings: 1). Several fault planes run parallel to each other within the shatter zone of a few meters in width, which are N20-30° Win strike and 80-85° Emn dip. 2). The most recent faulting is recognized along the fault plane which lies on the most southwestern margin of the shattered zone. The latest displacement occurred after the deposition of Holocene soils dating back to 4, 330 years B P. 3). The Early to Late Quaternary deposits including the deposits of 27, 330 years B. P. are caught in the shattered zone, all these depo-sits being inclined nearly vertically. 4) An alternative accumulation of sand-gravel beds and black soil layers on the downthrown side suggests that the Atera fault has moved every 2, 000-4, 000 years.

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