In order to clarify the generation and development of the local anticyclones in Japan, their occurrence was' studied statistically at first. Except for the Seto Inland Sea region, the local anticyclones appear in the regions under similar topographical environments, such as the interior basins and valleys having elevation of at least 100 meters above sea level. Detailed case studies of the local anticyclones in the Takayama and Obihiro regions were secondly carried out. The former region was chosen, because special observation data are available and the latter region has several climatological stations. These case studies made clear that pressure at the stations increased in accordance with accumulation of cold air in the basin, resulting in the development of the local anticyclone. Now, assuming the atmosphere is polytropic, and that then the air up to Z f is cooled, the air pressure at the ground p_o increases Δp_o. That is,
_??_
where p_o is air pressure at the ground, T_o is air temperature at the ground, z_f is height of the air layer near the ground to be cooled, R is gas constant for air. Δp_o obtained by the equation (4) agrees to the values obtained by the observations.
Under two types of synoptic conditions, the accumulation of cold air occurs frequently. The first type is seen in association with the front sector of the migratory high pressure system. In this case, a pool of cold air caused by intense radiation cooling was formed in the basin. The second type occurs when cyclone is passing over the Sea of Japan and the region of local anticyclogenesis is located under the influence of warm air advection. The cold air is trapped topographically in the basin surrounded by the mountains.
Finally, the relationship between the topography of the basins and the generation and development of local anticyclones was studied. Since the numbers of sample are small, it is difficult to conclude it with high reliability, but there is an indication that the shape and scale of basins has close correlations to the generation frequencies of local anticyclones over the basin. This shows that there is a tendency for the high generation frequencies of local anticyclones over the basin, if the local topography of a given basin is favorable for collecting cold air.

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Holocene sea-level changes on the east coast of Korea Peninsula are discussed based on sedimentary facies of alluvium and their radiocarbon ages. Minor fluctuations of the sea-level are restored by grain size analysis of alluvial deposits from 10, 000y. B. P., and by pollen analysis of peaty deposits since 6, 000y. B. P..
Main results are as follows ;
1. Sea-level was about -25m a. s. 1, around 10, 000y. B. P. and it rose to about -10m a. s. 1, around 7, 000y. B. P.. The sea nearly attained to its present level around 6000y. B. P., and has approximately stood at the same level with minor fluctuations since then.
2. As the sea-level curve obtained from the study area resembles to those from many other parts of the world in its altitudes and ages, the existance of active crustal movements during Holocene are discarded on the east coast of the Peninsula.
3. Gravel bed was deposited about -20m a. s. 1. in Pohang plain at the time of temporary stable sea-level recorded between 10, 000y. B. P. and 9, 000y. B. P. during the period of rapid transgression.
4. During the period of stable sea-level since 6, 000y. B. P., beach ridges have been formed at the time of three comparatively high levels.

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In the regional system, there are various impacts to which the areas respond. Economic fluctuations are known as one of them. There have been many geographical researches of this theme, by King, Jeffrey, Haggett et al. The geographical researches of this theme consist of three steps: the identification of the spatial patterns of the economic fluctuations, the research of the processes of the inter-areal transmission from the viewpoint of the areal lead-lag relationships of the fluctuations, and the explanation of the relationships.
As the statistical methods to detect the areal lead-lag relationships, regression analysis, lag-correlation analysis and cross spectral analysis have been used in the previous studies. Cross spectral analysis is the most useful and appropriate one. And, to interpret the leadlag relationships, the industrial-mix theory or the export base theory is the most appropriate at present.
At the level of national urban systems, the spatial lead-lag relationships have been discussed in the previous studies, but there have been few researches of them within the metropolitan areas. The aim of this paper is to find the spatial lead-lag relationships within the metropolitan area.
The study area is the northwestern part of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, which consists of three prefectures, Tokyo, Saitama and Gumma (Fig. 1). This part has relatively little variations in topography and distribution of cities.
As the index to measure the economic activity level, unemployment rate, which have often been used in the same kind of studies, is inappropriate for statistical reasons in Japan. The data used in this paper is new job offers, which is known as one of the time series data which coincides with diffusion index, the general indicator of economic fluctuations. The unit area of this data is a labor market area. The study area consists of 38 labor market areas. The time period in this study is from January, 1967 to August, 1977 (128 months).
Prior to the analysis of the lead-lag relationships of the economic fluctuations, the re gional fluctuation patterns were analyzed by spectral analysis. The spectrum of the economic fluctuations in each area was obtained directly by fast fourier transformation (FFT) from the original data (Fig. 2).
As the result, we could see the similar spectral patterns in each area. High spectra were indicated at 36 month period and more, 12 month period, and 6 month period. It means that the fluctuations of new job offers in this area consist of the cyclical fluctuations of 36 month period and more, and the seasonal fluctuations of 6 month period and 12 month period.
The spatial lead-lag relationships of economic fluctuations were obtained by cross spec tral analysis for all pairs of unit areas. The calculated cross spectrum from the correspond ing pair of spectra is practically used as two measures, coherence and phase angle.
Now let us consider the spatial lead-lag relationships at 42. 5 month period and 127. 5 month period. The former is the nearest period to the Kitchin cycles and the latter is the nearest period to the Juglar cycles, because the spectra at the restricted periods are obtained by FFT. To simplify the discussion, the leading months evaluated for each pair of areas at the two periods were averaged as follows:
_??_
where Li; the averaged time-lead in month in area i,
lij; the time-lead in month of area i to area
(lij is negative when the fluctuation in area i lags behind the one in area j),
N; number of areas.
Fig. 4 shows the distribution of the averaged time-lead in month L.. From above results, the fluctuations at 42. 5 month period tend to lead on the fringe ofthe Tokyo Metropolitan Area and to lag at the core of it. On the other hand, the fluc tuations at 127. 5 month period tend to lead at the core and to lag on the fringe. g nge.

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