Settlements in the Inland Sea, generally speaking, consist of both hill settlements (age) which scatter among inclined fields and beach settlements (hama) which gather at seashores. Age settlements base their way of life on agriculture and their origin is comparatively old. But hama settlements are largely dependent on non-agricultural activities, and so the for-mation of the settlements started at the middle of Edo Era when merchandise circulation was developing so as to expand over the feudal domains. In and after the 18th century, non-agricultural people as a social group such as ukisugi appeared in the islands of middle western Inland Sea with the growing prosperity of cotton textile industry, fishery and shipping business resulting in a rapid increase of population in Suo-Oshima (Big Island of Suo). The writer compared the old village maps made in 1737 with the present 1:10, 000 maps for the entire island. It was revealed that only after 1737 houses were built on beach-es. So, it may be said that the hama settlements appeared after the 18th century in this island.
Then Kodomari, one of the ham settlements in Towa cho on Suo-Oshima, was chosen for intensive analysis and also was investigated for settlement formation process. Kodomari settlement was initially formed by sea faring people (amabito) who settled to manage small and old type salt fields named agehama. On the map of 1737, there still remained some salt fields, but fishermen's houses were built on these salt fields afterwards.
After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, a primary school was built by buraku (community) people to become a functional focus of Kodomari Puraku. Construction of a breakwater and reclamation of the foreshore were also done initiated by Kodomari Puraku. Therefore the writer regards the existence of buraku as a factor for settlement maintenance. As a result of the administrative consolidation executed in 1889, many of villages that continued to exist through the Edo Era became non-administrative units. Thus, Kodomari became one section (oaza) of Wada village whose center was ada Puraku where a small feudal land-owner had resided in the Edo Era. As a means of intensifying the village as an administrative organ, the Meiji government returned a large area of national forests to the village. The returned forests contained some common forests of Kodomari. Kodomari Primary School was also amalgamated to Wada Primary School in spite of the objection movement by the Kodomari inhabitants to let the common land and the school remain as buraku properties of Kodomari. In 1908 “Kodomari Mura Kiyaku” (the buraku cov-enant) was created with an intention to increase Kodomari Buraku's property and to hold priority of the buraku over the newly established administrative village.
From 1900's to 1930's Kodomari people were engaged in shipping industry which con-veyed coal from Wakamatsu in Kitakyushu to Osaka. With economic accumulation by the shipping industry, the old common forest was bought back from Wada village in 1923, and the Kodomari Primary School was revived in 1939. In this way, Kodomari people have made their settlement larger and more prosperous.
In the plain areas of Japan on the whole, scattering central functions gradually were concentrated in buraku with village administration offices after the administrative consoli-dation of 1889, resulting in an cereal differentiation of central places and pure aggicultural settlements. On islands, however, each hama settlement, like Kodomari, still holds some central functions, of which a typical example is primary school. Therefore, on islands there remains rather dispersed distribution of central places.

View full abstract

The purpose of this paper is to study spatial variation of the geometric structure of regional road networks. Assumptions to the model building of the structural variation are as follows. (1) The structure of regional road networks is composed of nodes, links and connectivities. It's form is hierarchical. (2) The spatial pattern of settlements as nodes is given. It is four ordered K7 system on Christaller's space. (3) The major factors influ-encing the structural variation are the size and the technological development level of areas.
The outlines of this heuristic model are that the determinant factor of the structural vari-ation of upper order networks (connected between a upper center and medium centers) is the technological scale, those of medium order (connected between a medium center and lower centers) are the size and the technological scales, and that of lower order (con-nected between a lower center and lowest centers) is only the size. However, the structural variation of lowest order (connected between a lowest center and dispersed settlements) will not be determined by those areal factors.
For the testing of this model, some ordered areas in Japan were selected. And the relationship between road network structure and geographic characteristics of each order areas was investigated by simple correlation analysis. In this model, the road network structure was measured by the number of settlements, the average road length and the β-index. The geographic characteristics of the selected areas were represented by the size and the pereapita annual income.
As a result, in upper order areas, there are significant correlations between the number of upper and medium centers and the percapita annual income (correlation coefficient, 0.8351) and between the β-index and the percapita annual income (correlation coeffi-cient, 0.9106). On the contrary, the average road length is not significantly associated with areal characteristics and is roughly constant. In medium order areas, there are significant correlations between the average road length and the size (correlation coeffi-cient for areas of below 1, 200km², 0.7760), and between the β-index and the percapital annual income (correlation coefficient, 0.8758). The average road length for areas of more than 1, 200km² and the number of medium and lower centers are roughly constant. Also, in lower order areas, there is a significant correlation between the average road length and the size (correlation coefficient for areas of below 120km², 0.7164). The number of lower and lowest centers, the average road length for areas of more than 120km² and the β-index are constant. However, the network structure in lowest order areas has little influence upon these areal characteristics. All elements composing that structure are constant. In addition, the spatial pattern of settlements in the region of Japan is approximately K7 system; the number of settlements is 5 in an upper order area, 8 in a medium order, 5 in a lower order, and 9 in a lowest order.
Thus, the validty of above hypothesized relationshipes was verified. But, this model can not fit to the structural variation of road networks in the marginal regions of Japan due to the spatial pre-patterning of settlements. In spite of the limitation of the study, the writer believes that this model is a useful method for forecasting the structure of regional road networks.

View full abstract

In Japan gibt es die Anlage der Brauchwasserversorgung, die sich “Öffentliche Wasser-versorgung der Industrie” nennt. In der vorliegenden Studie behandelte der Verfasser die “Öffentliche Wasserversorgung der Industrie” each dem 2. Weltkrieg, um die Verbrei-tungszustand der Anlagen klar zu machen und die Fragen des Wassergewinnungswesens der Anlagen zu verstehn.
Die folgenden Punkte sind klar geworden:
1. Die Anzahl der “Öffentlichen Wasserversorgungen der Industrie” ist ab 1955 erhe-blich gestiegen: von 11 in 1955 auf 174 einschlief_??_lich im au in März 1973. Sie haben sich heute ganz in Japan verbreitet. Im Jahre 1972 erreichte die Jährige Versorgungs-fähigkeit insgesamt rued 7 Mrd, m³, wovon rund 4, 2 Mrd. m³ wirklich gebraucht wurden. Die Menge bildet etwa 27% vom 1972 genutzten Brauchwasser Japans.
2. Die “Öffentliche Wasserversorgung der Industrie” mu_??_ mit dem Rohwasser aus Flüssen auskommen. Flu_??_wasser ist aber für Bewässerungszwecke nach dem traditionellen Wasserrecht gebraucht. Wenn die Unternemungsbehörde der Anlage das Rohwasser gewinnen will, mu_??_ sie deshalb mit Bauern darüber unterhandeln, die Neuregelung des Wasserrecht zu treffen und die Nutznie_??_ung zu bekommen.
3. Aus der Unterhandelung folgt im allgemeinen, da_??_ die Bauern dem insgesamten Ma_??_, dem Ort und der Zeit der Rohwassergewinnung Beschränkungen auferlegen.
4. Da es gleich in Japan gesetzlich unerlaubt ist, die Eigenförderung des Prauchwasser aus Grundwasser weiterzuführen, mu_??_ die Anzahl der “Öfentlichen Wasserversorgungen der Industrie” in Zukunft noch mehr zunehmen. Dabei wäre es von gro_??_er Bedeutung, das traditionelle Wasserrecht für Bewässerung unter synthetischen wasserwirtschaftlichen Sicht wieder in Ordnung zu bringen.

View full abstract