The author has already reported papers on the meso-climatology of temperature distribution patterns in this area. In this present paper, the same theme is discussed based on the results of heat budget of the lower atmosphere. In the formation of meso-scale temperature distribution, areal differences in diurnal temperature change play an important role. In the Kantô Plain, which is situated in central Japan and facing to the Pacific Ocean, such a difference is especially marked between inland and coastal areas. As this difference is caused by the difference in the heat budget of lower atmosphere up to 850-mb, it is necessary to consider it for analyzing meso-scale temperature distribution theoretically.
Heat budget equations (6) for the air column above the land surface and (7) for the sea surface are considered and terms are estimated based on observed meteorolgical data. In the above equations, Q is the heat absorbed into or exhausted from the lower atmosphere, I: total short-wave radiation at the surface, R: albedo of the surface, r: effective long wave radiation of the atmosphere under 850-mb level, α: evaporation ratio of unsaturated surface to the saturated, L: latent heat, E: amount of evaporation from the surface, G: heat absorbed into ground and W: heat absorbed into water. Suffixes L and W are added to terms relating to land- and water-surfaces respectively.
Calculations of heat budget were done for days with daily cloudiness of less than two-tenths and in an anti-cyclonic condition in order to eliminate the effect of macro-scale advection. According to these standards stated above, 114 days were selected for computation from odd months of the years 1951 to 1960. Figure 2 shows the curves of estimated (I) for each hour of the day and the other calculated terms in the equations are tabulated in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10. Heat budgets were calculated for the periods of day (0-24), morning-(O-12) and afternoon-hours (12-24). Results are summarized in Table 13 and Figure 3 where Q' denotes Q-value calculated diagrammatically from emagram (Figure 1), Q_W and Q_W' were assumed to be equal for all periods and Q was assumed to be zero for the period of day. If all the assumptions considered are right, QL and QL' must coincide with each other, at least theoretically, but results are as such seen in Figure 3. The main factor affecting this discrepancy may be due to inaccuracy of evaporation amount which is estimated by Penman's equation for open water.
Among the results obtained, the following points may be the most important. Warming effect in the coastal area by the heat flux from the sea water, which has the order of 20-35 langley per day for the colder season, is evaluated. During summer, amount of heat consumed to evaporation is nearly equal to 50% of energy by total short-wave radiation, and this means that evaporation process is very important for making our moist climate milder. May is the only month having QL which is greater than QL'. This might be the result of strong sea breere invasion, because the most typical pattern of temperature distribution showing the narrow colder zone along the coast, on which the author has reported in the previous paper, also appeared on clear calm days in May. Rough estimate of evaporation ratio (α) for the natural surface in the Kanto Plain (Figure 6) is obtained for odd months. The ratio shows a marked seasonal variation.

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The study of the structure of central places may be approached from these viewpoints: (1) the hierarchy of central places, (2) the relation between the function of central places and their tributary areas, and (3) the distribution pattern of central places.
The writer lately clarified the hierarchy of the central places within the Metropolis of Tokyo primarily by investigating the Inner City. This time, however, the writer has observed the central places and their tributary areas, and the distribution pattern of central places by distributing questionaires.
The questionaires were analyzed according to the following points: types of inhabitants utilizing central places, the formation of tributary areas, the function of central places and their tributary areas, the structure of tributary areas, and pattern of central places and their unified structure.
The above-mentioned analysis made clear the following points:
(1) In the Inner City of the Metropolis, several central places whose hierarchy and types are different from one another are hierarchically arranged. The amount and quality of the function of each central place is regulated according to what the citizens are utilizing.
(2) Each central place is rendering service activity in some form or other to the inhabitants of its neighboring areas. The writer calls the area which is favored with such service activities a tributary area. Whether or not the dimension of one tributary area is wider than another is decided by comparing the total amount of the functions of central places, the distance from central places, and neighboring tributary areas.
(3) Among tributary areas there can be found three kinds of areas. One is an ‘active’ area which is inhabited by people who are daily utilizing their central place for every purpose of their own. (This area can be divided into two sub-areas, ‘Inner Area’ and ‘Outer Area’.) The second is a ‘half-active’ area where people living there sometimes visit their central place for some purpose or other. The third is a ‘calm’ area where residing people take, at least to some extent, an interest in their central palce but seldom go out to that place.
(4) The characteristics of tributary areas can be seen by means of examining the structure of the ‘active’ area, the ‘half-active’ area, and the ‘calm’ area: the total amount of functions of central places: hierarchy and their types.
(5) Large and small unclei of the Metropolis can be classified into three kinds of central places and their tributary areas, according to the total amount of functions, the extent of tributary areas, and the inhabitants' purposes for utilization.
(1) The tributary area of the Civic Center:
This region has swelled out so widely that it now covers almost the whole metropolitan area. The functions of the Civic Center are utilized for higher-grade purpose, as exemplified by workplaces, amusent and recreation centers, and high-class society circles. But now Civic Center is no longer the place occupied only by metropolitans, because in the Civic Center the amount of utilization in consumers' daily life has decreased and, instead, such characteristics as the functional nucleus of the whoel Japan are being strengthened at present.
(2) The tributary areas of the Sub-ceters:
With a Sub-center at its vertex, each fan-shaped tributary area extends toward suburban areas. In the Metropolis, the Civic Center is surrounded by the four Sub-centers, that is, Shibuya, Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, and Ueno, which are located nearly at the same distance from one another. These Sub-centers are competent enough to substitute for the Civic Center as the functional nuclei of shopping, amusement, and social life.
(3) The tributary areas of regional centers:

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The Daisetsu volcanic group has been formed during the period from early Pleistocene up to Holocene. No records are known of their activities in historic time, though there are fumaroles still emitting sulphurous gases at the bottom of two craters. In the area surveyed, timber line and the limit of pinus pumila are found at the height of 1, 200-1, 800 m. and of 1, 650-2, 100 m. above sea level respectively. They are higher on lee-ward slopes than on wind-ward slopes. Above the limit of pinus pumila, there develop patterned grounds in alpine meadows, fell-fields and barren-fields (Fig. 1).
The writer has obsrved patterned grounds at 123 localities in the area from 1957 to 1964, and the results of his investigations are summarized as follows:
(1) Among the observed patterned grounds, more than 80% of them develop on wind-ward crest-slopes, about 15% in depressions such as craters, nivation hollows and others, and less than 5 % on flat surfaces. Their lower limits coincide with the limit of pinus pumila at respective localities.
(2) Nonsorted patterns are associated with some specific vegetations (Figs. 3 and 6), as physical conditions (thickness of snow cover, micro-climate, soil, groundwater, etc.) control the kind of vegetation and the development of patterns.
(3) Processes of the formation of nonsorted polygons or circles are considered to be as follows: (a) During freezing periods, polygonal meshes are at first formed by the net-work of frost cracks due to the contraction of freezing ground surface, then the surface of each mesh is differentially heaved by a growing frost layer in the ground so as to swell up a flat dome. (b) Vegetation takes root first along the margin of earch mesh adjacent to the crack that has suffered least heaving. (c) The fringing vegetation invades gradually from periphery toward the center of each mesh. It is at this stage that frost boils or frost scars are recognizable in polygonal meshes (Fig. 7). (d) As the contraction of freezing ground and the differential heaving of meshed surfaces continue rather rapidly in a short period and contrarily frozen ground thaws very slowly, the ground now thatched with vegetation having intermingled roots is deformed only in the freezing period, thus the cracks widen unilaterally and the swelling up of meshed surfaces is non-reversibly intensified. (e) As these processes progress, the polygonal meshes (nonsorted polygons) transform themselves into frost hummocks (nonsorted nets or circles) entirely covered with dense vegetation. At the same time, the frost cracks grow up as “intervals” between hummocks. The nonsorted patterns as mentioned above develop only on the ground of fine textured soils with little contents of pebbles and gravels.
(4) Sorted patterns on gravelly barren fields are formed through the processes as described below. (a) The pebbles and gravels in the soil are brought up to the surface by frost heaving, while the formation of frost cracks and the swelling up of meshed ground surface advance as mentioned above. (b) The pebbles and gravels on the ground surface creep to and fall into frost cracks, and the initial pattern of the sorted polygons and nets, etc., is formed. (c) As thawing of the frozen and already patternrd ground progresses from three sides: that is, from the surface, from the bottom of frozen layer and from the marginal cracks, a differential thaw-down of the meshed ground surface occurs. This causes an increase in the gradient from center to margin, and facilitates the movement of gravels toward the cracks. (d) The cracks widen their spans (as mentioned in 3 a) and are filled with pebbles and gravels by repetition of these processes, and finally well-developed sorted patterns.
(5) In thawing season, a slow flowage of water-saturated top soil occurs on the slopes which makes a convex front at its terminal (comparable to the front of a lava flow).

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It is the most important and fundamental knowledge for climatology and hydrology to obtain the total incoming radition on the earth's surface in the world-wide view. But, in our country, we have no reliable tables or charts of this kind. Though we have several data in climatological atlases or handbooks, they are presented in the form of a distribution map. They are not desirable for the practical researchers. So the authors calculated values by using an empirical formula as an approach to the hydrological study, and the table of these values is shown for the convenience of other researchers.
In this calculation, Savinov's equation was used, because of restricted observational items in the climatological table. It is shown in the following form:
Q=Q₀ (1-kn)
where Q₀ denotes total incoming radiation in the cloudless case, k is coefficient and n represents amounts of cloud. Statististical values of the cloud amounts were taken from “Climatological Table of the Foreign Countries” published by Japan Meteorological Agency. Fundamental numerical constants were taken from Budyko's textbook (1956).
The authors examined reliability of the formula by comparing the calculated values to the observed ones. In Japan, observations of daily total incoming radiation are made by Robitzche actinograph, except for five stations. So, the results of these observations do not seem highly reliable, but they show rather good agreements except for summer months. The reason for the summer discrepancy will be dne both to the characteristics of the actinograph and to the formula. These comparisons are shown in Table 1, and the results of the calculations are listed in Table 2. All the figures are monthy mean valuse, the unit being cal/cm²/day.

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