1. Ground water in the truck fields surronding Sakai City
The fields surrounding Sakai City have been irrigated from ancient times in Japan. The present report is based upon the investigation carried on by the writer concerning the irrigation method and the chemical composition of the ground water.
The scale of irrigation is small, and the method of farming very intensive.
The depth of the wells varies from 1 meter to 3 meters in the coastal region and in the upland from 6 ms to 10 ms, the depth of water being from 1m to 2 ms in the former and 2-6 ms in the latter. Windmills are chief means of supplying water.
As to the soil, sandy soil and sand loam were found to exist in the coastal region and loam in the upland.
The ground water can be classified relative to anion into the following three types according to the amount of salt contained in it:
a.- Cl>NO₃>SO₄>HCO - in the upland.
b.- SO₄>Cl>HCO₃>NO₃ - in the reclaimed area in the northern part.
c.- Cl>SO₄>HCO₃>NO₃ or CL>SO₄>NO₃>HCO₃ - in the coastal area.
The residue in the upland is seldom under 300 p. p. m. In the northern part it is mostly above 1, 000 p. p. m. In the other parts on the coast it stands between those of the twe other areas.
The varied amount of salt containd in the ground water in the respective areas is attributable to the quality of soils, quantity of fertilizers used, water waste drained out from factories, and sea water.
2. Chemical composition of irrigation water and the method of irrigation for eliminating salinity hazard in the coastal region of Osaka City
For the truck fields covering 100 has of sandy soil area the following irrigation method has been used from ancient times in order to eliminate salinity hazard in the suburbs of Osaka City. When the tide is low, the flood-gate is shut, and then the draining-gate is opened allowing the saline water of the creek to flow out. The draining is completed in an hour. After that is done, the draininggate is shut and the flood-gate is opened for taking in the fresh water of the Yamato river. These are done once in three days during the summer and once in ten days in winter time.
The concentration of salt in the fresh water for irrigation varies from 100 p. p. m. to 300 p. p. m. However, it is gradually increased as the water flows down towards the draining-gate, and it is as much as one third of the sea water.
The figure shows the variation of concentration of salt contaiend in the water of the creek atd ifferent points (Fig. 2, Fig. 3). Relative to the varied concentration of salt in the creek water due to the encroachment of sea water, the fomula - Cl>Mg>SO₄>Ca can be established. However, the composition of pond water and that of ground water are complicated, and chi efly the formula- Cl>Ca>Mg>SO₄ is possible in their case. A large quantity of phoshate and nitrate is contained in them.

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Maruyama-kyo was one of the biggest new religious groups which sprang up in Japan around 1880.
The writer intends to explain how it grew strong in so short a time and what process it passed through in its growth and decline.
I. The rapid development of the religion can be attributed to the facts: (1) There occurred a sudden revolutionary change in social economy; (2) and then the cultures of the districts, where Mt. Fuji is in sight, were intermingled with each other, and with it Maruyama-kyo made a wide-spread though it was limited to those areas.
II. The community structures of those villages, where this religion took root, can be classified into three types in accordance with each social geographic situation of city-environs, plains and mountainous regions.
III. As soon as peace came to society and social economy recovered its normal state, Maruyama-kyo ceased developing and began to be naturalized as was the case with the old religion-Buddhism. It was found that there were two types in its naturalizing process according to the courses along which Maruyama-kyo developed.

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This paper comprises a brief summary of results obtained by computing the river floor variations in the 100km long stretch of “Tone” river from the data available.
The mean heights of river bed and the cross sectional areas of 33 gauge stations were measured and recorded by the Branch Office of Ministry of Construction.
These measurements were made 9 times during 16 years (1938-1954). Each station number shows its location, that is, a station number is proportional to the accumulated distance from the starting point (Toride Bridge).
The mean heights and the cross sectional areas are compared one after another. The elevation of river floor and the decrease of cross sectional areas may mean that filling up occured in the river floor, while, the degradation of river floor and the increase of cross sectional areas indicate that scouring occured.
On the basis of assumption above mentioned, changes of river floor heights (ΔH) and of cross sectional areas (ΔS) are tabulated in Tab. -2. (+ΔH and +ΔS indicate the quantity of deposition, while -ΔH and -ΔS indicate that of scour)
Figure 2 and 3 shows relation between these values of ΔH and ΔS and distance from the starting point. The abscissae are the distance and the ordinates are the values of ΔH and ΔS in each period of time. The plots are made from figures of Tab. -2.
From Fig. 2 and 3 it is simply convinced that deposition and scouring occured alternately in each station, in other words, there is no station where only deposition or scouring occured during 16 years.
It is also clear that there is no period when only deposition or scouring occured in the whole stretch.
Therefore, deposition and scouring must had been acting upon river floor by turns. Moreover, the sections of deposition and scouring move towards downstream suggesting the effect of sand bank movement.
Fig. 4 shows the relation between river width, river slope and standard deviation of ΔH and ΔS (σ₁, σ₂)
The channel seems to be possible to divide into 3 sections from Fig. 2, 3 & 4. Namely, section (B): a section where comparatively little river-bed changes and small values of σ₁ & σ₂ are recognized.
Section (A): upperstream of section (B), where river width and slope are both great and river-bed changes are intense. Section (C): downstream of section (B), like section (A), river-bed changes are great, but river slope is not so steep as section (A), in addition, the river width are wider than section (B).
The tendency of deposition and scouring from both values of ΔH and ΔS do not always coincide. (see Fig. 5) In general, in the neighborhood of confluence, these incoincidence of tendency are extreme. For example, at the confluence of “Kinu” river, the reverse tendency was found to be the case.
So, flow conditions and the shape of cross section are thought to be very complicated to make the aspect of deposition and scouring more complex.
It may be possible that the future investigation will show the theoretical approach to this problem.

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The “Gotentoge” gravel bed found on the hill tops of the western part of Tama hills to the south of Hachioji, Tokyo, consists of polygenetic gravels, which seem to have been transported and deposited by the ancient Sagami River, because there exists the lithologic similarity of gravels between the “Gotentoge” gravel bed and the present Sagami River, and also because the gravels of the “Gotentoge” gravel bed become larger as they approach the present Sagami River (Fig. 3). There are some other evidences to prove it.
The upper surface of the “Gotentoge” gravel bed is almost horizontal, and covered conformably with the old Kanto volcanic ash member at Terazawa (loc. 4 in Fig. 3), but their stratigraphic relation is almost contemporaneous in the Gotentoge pass.
Therefore, the geologic age of the Gotentoge gravel bed is nearly the same with the Kanto volcanic ash member which belongs to the lower Diluvium.
Many questions, however, remain unsolved for further study.

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