The hydrologic balance of unconfined water is composed of the following factors:
a) increase and decrease in storage volume,
b) recharge from infiltration,
c) lateral undrflow of ground water.
Now, the mechanism of lateral underflow of ground water decides the direction and the property of hydrologic balance (an amplitude of the variation of ground water level, the time of maximum or minimum level and their type etc, ) in a drainage area.
So, it is an important factor in case when we make a water utilization plan and forecast the variation of ground water storage volume and the effects of irrigation on the former.
In general, the lateral underflow of ground water is shown by the decrease curve of ground water level and the formula of curve is as follows:
H=Ha+(Ho-Ha)e^-et
H; ground water level in elapsed time, “t”
Ha; basic level of ground water
Ho; ground water level of the beginning
c; coefficient
Now, the coefficient “c” expresses decrement of this curve or magnitude of lateral underflow of ground water and we can consider it as one of the guides of hydrological classification of an irrigated land. In this paper, the writer particularly examined and illustrated it with the example.

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The report is the summary of the result of the investigation on the run-off from two small basins near Shionoe, northern foot of the Sanuki Mountains, Kagawa perfecture. The investigation was made in the summer of 1963 The two basins studied are located about 2km apart. The geological condition of basin No. 1 forms a striking contrast with that of basin No. 2. Basin No. 1 (0.947 km²) consists of Shale belonging to Izumi group (Cretaceous). Basin No. 2 (0.677 km²) consists of Granite. There is little difference in other condition except geological one between two basins. They have equal mean-elevation (about 380m), equal mean-slope (about 27°), and have same vegetation, including conifer and broad leaved deciduous trees.
The author separated the hydrographs, which were constructed by the measurement of streamflow at the outlets of the basins, into two components, direct-runoff and ground-water flow. By the analysis of these hydrographs together with the self-recording graphs of rains, the following results were obtained.
(1) As for the direct-runoff from both basins, there are considerable variations in the shape of hydrographs and the rate of runoff. These variations are mainly due to the characteristics of rainfall, as rain intensity, duration and total depth of rainfall, and the initial soil moisture within the basins. The effect of geological condition upon the runoff is indirect.
(2) However, these meteorological factors being same, the shape of hydrograph of basin No. 1 is flat-ter than that of basin No. 2. The basin lag (the time difference between the center of rain and resulting peak runoff) is also longer in basin No. 1.
(3) As for the ground-water discharge, there is a tendency to maintain a slightly higher flow rate in basin No. 1.
(4) The features of runoff from two basins as mentioned above are not completely explained by the influence of the area and the shape of basin, or the vegetations. It is considered that the depth and texture of weathered soil on the slope and the deposits in the river-beds have an clear effect on the feature of runoff. Basin No. 1 (Shale) has coarser, deeper and more permeable soil and rougher river-bed, whose resistance to the stream flow is greater, so it produces less surface runoff, slower stream flow, lower peak-flow, gradual recession of flow, and longer duration of direct runoff. On the other hand, basin No. 2 (Granite) has shallower, less permeable soil, and smoother river-bed, so it produces sharp hydrographs.

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Many of the factories to produce daily necessaries are small-scale, and those factories and the kinds of their products are a great many in number. Therefore, the examples chosen are 85 kinds of product over 80% produced in the greatest quantity in Tokyo. Twenty kinds among them were researched as the typical patterns.
The result is the following.
(1) Concerning the state of distributing.
There are two types :
(a) the kinds which are distributed scatteringly over the whole area of Tokyo
(b) the kinds which have a concentrative area in the city.
Among the scattering kinds, there are bread, confectionery, fittings and toilet goods, and they are products necessary in neighboring areas with comparatively small market area. The concentrative kinds have two characteristics. One of them is the production of miscellaneous goods for export which are found in the production of binoculars in Johoku (the northern part of Tokyo), and electric bulbs for Christmas decoration centering Jonan (the southern part of Tokyo). The other is the productions of bags, socks, ready-made coats, toys, fountain pens, cigarette lighters etc., which are centering in Joto district (the eastern part of Tokyo), with market areas over the whole country. Joto district is the greatest manufacturing district of consumer goods industry in Tokyo.
(2) Concerning the state of producing.
Up to now, it has been considered that daily necessaries are produced in accordance with the system that wholesale dealers dominate craftsmen: wholesale dealers-manufacturers-homeworkers, and that consequently a local group is shaped centering around a wholesale store.
However, from the considerations of the state of distributing, the following points will be clarified.
(a) Concerning the goods of scattering type, wholesale business or something like that can not be found. Actually, makers are directly connected with users, or makers who have a swollen productive unit (it is found in the productions such as bread, cosmetic cream and pomade) organize their own store or chain store. The makers divide sales district, and consequently the location is scattered.
(b) Concerning miscellaneous goods for export of the concentrative type, exists the system: the primary makers-the secondary makers-homeworkers. The primary makers are engaged in export business, coming in contact with buyers or jobbers, former export wholesaler also have a tendency to being excluded.
Except such traditional products as lacquer-ware and dolls, the wholesale dealers in miscellaneous goods of domestic demand show a tendency to weakening in power, and to existings effectively only in a circulating branch. In place of them, manufacturing wholesale merchants have risen their heads from the skillful craftsman class and exercised general control of production. In short, the system that runs to homework from process industries from manufacturing wholesale is locally concetrated. But, as long as the relations with wholesale stores as circulating function are not cut off, factories cannot move far away from the central district which is a commercial area, which enables Joto concentrative area to exist.

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Analysis of 107 articles, reports and reviews appeared in the Acta Geographica Sinica (the quarterly journal of the Geographical Society of China) of 1962-1965 reveals some recent trend of the geographical research as well as a great shift of emphasis after the war.
The majority of articles are dealing with the broad field of physical geography of the land in contrast to the research before the war, when studies of the historical geography of regions were dominant. This change was probably brought about, first of all, by the influence of the geography of the U.S.S.R. immediately after the war. However, in recent years, further emphasis has been placed upon studies of the physical environment, particularly of climatic conditions of the land, which suggests the present situation of the gegraphical research in China, i.e. trying to meet the national and the social needs of contemporary China; the scientific research of land and climate which helps basically the reasonable development of land use and planning.
Further analysis of articles also reveals several major problems which Chinese geographers are challenging. One is the establishment of natural regions of the land, and it has been discussed by many geographers throughout the country. Articles concerned with climatic conditions of the land cover wide range of research from such large scaled ones as dealing with, for instance, the general circulation of the atmosphere and the solar insolation, to more detailed study of local climate. China has, as exemplified by the classical and modern records, suffered from tremendous disasters caused by frequent occurence of unusual climate, and the problem of climatic fluctuation is serious. Some researchers go as far back as the climate of the Quaternary period, treating the fluctuations of glacial development in the western mountainous region. The movement of sand dunes also offer a serious problem in the desert region.
These are some of the major problems Chinese geographers are challenging in recent years, with de-creasing number of articles which obviously embody the political and ideological use of geographical research.

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