日本作物学会紀事
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
54 巻, 2 号
選択された号の論文の10件中1~10を表示しています
  • 楠谷 彰人
    1985 年 54 巻 2 号 p. 111-119
    発行日: 1985/06/05
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    The productivity of rice plants growing the north-marginal area in Japan was studied. In the present paper, varietal differences in dry matter production was discussed mainly using 8 varieties in 1982 and 11 varieties in 1983 (Table 1). The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Daily solar radiation and accumulated daily mean temperature from June 1 to September 30 were 417.8 cal/cm2/day and 2168°C in 1982, and 358.8 cal/cm2/day and 1897°C in 1983 (Fig.1). 2. The average value among varieties of the maximum dry weight was 1152.7 g/m2 in 1982 and 1021.2g/m2 in 1983 (Fig.2). 3. The average value among varieties of CGR during the whole growth period was 9.9g/m2/day in 1982 and 7.6g/m2/day in 1983. The average value of LAImax. was 3.3m2/m2. field in 1982 and 3.2m2/m2. field in 1983. The average value of the efficiency for solar energy utilization (Eu) during the whole growth period was 0.86% in 1982 and 0.79% in 1983. The average value of the efficiency for solar energy conversion (Ec) during the whole growth period was 2.3% in 1982 and 2.2% in 1983 (Table 2, Fig.4). 4. Relative light intensity at the bottom of the canopy (logarithmic scale) decreased linearly with increasing LAI. The regression value (light diminution coefficient, K') was varied among varieties (Fig.5). 5. Dry matter production (ΔW) can be expressed by the following equation, ΔW = LAD × ΔTS × MEi/LAD × ΔW/ΔIS where LAD is leaf area duration, ΔTS is accumulated solar radiation, MEi is mean value of the efficiency for intercepting solar radiation, ΔIS is accumulated solar radiation intercepted by the canopy. 6. To clarify the relative contribution of LAD, K', Ec and ΔTS to ΔW, the multiple regression analysis was used. Ninety six percent of the variation among varieties and years in ΔW were accounted by these 4 factors. The ratios of standard partial regression coefficients of LAD, K', Ec and ΔTS were 47:30:20:3 before full heading stage, but 14:18:46:22 after full heading stage (Table 3).
  • 楠谷 彰人
    1985 年 54 巻 2 号 p. 120-126
    発行日: 1985/06/05
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the present paper, varietal differences in yield and harvest index were studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Rice plants suffered from cool-summer damage due to floral impotency in 1982, and suffered from cool-summer damage due to delayed growth in 1983. The mean yield among varieties was 358.9 kg/10a in 1982 and 82.8 kg/10a in 1983 (Table 1). Grain yield (Y) was correlated significantly with harvest index (HI), but Y had no significant correlation with dry matter production during the whole growth period (ΔW) (Fig. 1). 2. HI can be expressed by the following identical equation ; HI=Y/ΔW = N/(LAD) × (KW)/((ΔW/(ΔIS))) × (RP)/(ΔTS) × 1/((MEi/LAD)) where N is number of grains; LAD is leaf area duration; KW is 1000-kernel-weight; ΔIS is accumulated solar radiation intercepted by the canopy; RP is percentage of ripened grains; ΔTS is accumulated solar radiation; MEi is mean value of the efficiency for intercepting solar radiation. Correlation coefficients, simple and partial, of HI with it's components were shown in Table 2. HI was significantly correlated with RP/ΔTS and KW/(ΔW/ΔIS) in simple correlation, but significantly correlated with all components in partial correlation (Table 2). 3. Percentage of ripened grains (RP) can be expressed by the following identical equation; RP=(RN)/N=(FN)/N×(RN)/(FN) where RN is number of fully ripened grains that were selected with 1.06 specific gravity; FN is number of fertilized grains. High significant correlation was found between RP and FN/N (fertility percent) in 1982. On the other hand, highly significant correlation was found between RP and RN/FN (percentage of fully ripened grains to fertilized grains) in 1983 (Fig. 2). 4. In 1983, RN/FN was correlated significantly with accumulated daily mean temperature (AT) and accumulated solar radiation (AS) from heading date to October 7. (RN/FN)/(AT-400) was correlated significantly with light diminution coefficient (K') and rate of indecomposable chlorophyll at milk-ripe stage (C), but it had no significant correlation with the efficiency for solar energy conversion after full heading stage (Ec2)(Fig. 3, Table 3).
  • 山本 昭夫, 武田 元吉, 中島 哲夫
    1985 年 54 巻 2 号 p. 127-133
    発行日: 1985/06/05
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    The influences of soil moisture and light intensity on stomatal density (number of stomata per unit of surface area of epidermis, SD) in soybean cultivars were examined by water stress- and light shading-tests. The influences were also investigated by dividing SD into the two components, (1) the power of stomatal differentiation (Ratio of stomatal number to epidermal cell number, PS), and (2) the epidermal cell size (surface area of a epidermal cell, EC). The relationship among SD, PS and EC is shown in the equation (1). In the experiment A, soil moisture was restricted at a level of 35% of dried soil weight while the soil moisture in the control was always kept 50% to 60%. In the experiment B, light intensity was restricted by shading at a 45% level (Lux) to the control. Each plant was grown in a natural-light phytotron. Observations of stomata were made on the 5th and the 3rd leaflet in the experiment A and B, respectively. In general, the epidermis of adaxial leaf side decreased in SD and that of abaxial leaf side increased in SD with the restriction of soil moisture (Table 1, Table 2). The reverse change regarding SD between the adaxial and abaxial leaf sides was remarkably observed. Dividing SD into the components, the adaxial PS sharply decreased with the restriction of soil moisture, and this caused the decreasing effect on adaxial SD. While, the abaxial PS was kept almost constant (Table 1, Fig 1). Generally, EC decreased with the restriction and this caused the increasing effect on adaxial and abaxial SD, especially in two cultivars, Tokachi Hadaka and Ichigoo Wase. As these totalized results, it was found in the adaxial leaf side that SD decreased with the restriction. On the other hand, the epidermis of both leaf sides decreased in PS and increased in EC with the restriction of light intensity. These changes of the two components caused the decreasing effect on adaxial and abaxial SD (Table 4, Table 5, Fig. 2). Some cultivars showed the special response to water stress or light shading, and PS or EC of these cultivars changed remarkably under the condition of the restriction (Fig. 1, Fig. 2). As the results, the varietal differences of SD, PS and EC were disturbed by these environmental conditions (Table 3, Table 6).
  • 林 茂一, 熊沢 喜久雄
    1985 年 54 巻 2 号 p. 134-140
    発行日: 1985/06/05
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Using Norin No.41 of rice or Tohoku No.104 of wheat, effect of pyruvate, succinate and glycolate on the growth of seedlings supplied with ammonium or nitrate were studied. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Rice (Table 2 and 3) The growth of top, seminal root and crown root was promoted by the three organic acids. Ammonium enhanced the growth of top, but inhibited the growth of seminal and crown roots. Nitrate accelerated the growth of top, seminal root and crown root. In the mixture of each one of organic acids and either ammonium or nitrate, the growth of top was not affected, however, seminal root was facilitated. The growth of crown root was especially enhanced in the mixture of organic acids and ammonium. 2. Wheat (Table 4 and 5) The promoting effects were found on the top and seminal root in pyruvate and succinate treatments but not in glycolate. The growth of top was enhanced by nitrate, but seminal root was not affected by ammonium or nitrate. The growth of top was also progressed in case of the mixture of either pyruvate or succinated and ammonium, and, on the other hand, that of seminal root was promoted in the mixture of both ammonium and nitrate with every organic acid, excepting in combination of nitrate with glycolate. From above results, it was found that influences on the growth in accordance with these organic acids were greater in rice than in wheat, and the effect of glycolate on the growth of rice differed from that of wheat.
  • 平井 源一, 高橋 誠, 田中 修, 那須 裕
    1985 年 54 巻 2 号 p. 141-145
    発行日: 1985/06/05
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present study examined the influence of atmospheric humidity on the absorption of the mineral nutrients (potassium, calcium, magnesium and manganese) for 28 days after seeding, using rice plants cultivated by water culture. The following results were obtained : 1. The amounts of K and Ca absorbed were greater under the conditions of a high humidity than those under a low one. The amounts of Mg and Mn absorbed, on the other hand, were lower under the condition of high humidity (Fig. 2). 2. The atmospheric humidity had little effect on the content of K in the leaf blade. However, the contents of Ca, Mg and Mn were strongly influenced : the lower the atmospheric humidity, the higher the contents of Ca, Mg and Mn accumulated in the leaf blade (Table 2, Fig. 3). 3. The content of K in the leaf blade was not influenced by the transpiration rate. However, the contents of Ca, Mg and Mn were strongly affected, becoming higher with an increase in the transpiration rate (Fig. 4). Finally, the absorption of K is increased with higher dry matter production under the condition of high humidity. On the other hand, the absorption of Ca, Mg and Mn are increased with higher transpiration under the condition of low humidity.
  • 平井 源一, 田中 修, 高橋 誠, 越 泰子
    1985 年 54 巻 2 号 p. 146-159
    発行日: 1985/06/05
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present study examined the influence of humidity on the senescence in rice plant leaves. 1. Plants were grown for 11 days under 75% humidity with 12/12 hr; light/dark cycle, then grown at 60% or 90% humidity. Decrease in chlorophyll content of the third leaf in low humidity was faster than in high humidity, suggesting that leaf senescence progressed in low humidity more rapidly than in high humidity. 2. Water content was lower for plants grown in low humidity than those grown in high humidity. The decrease of water content was followed by the decrease of chlorophyll content. 3. High humidity increased the leaf area and accelerated the leaf emergence. 4. The products of photosynthesis in the third leaf were necessary for yong leaf emergence. The more the translocated materials from the third leaf, the faster the senescence of it. These results suggested that low humidity induced the decrease of water content, which stimulated the loss of chlorophyll (leaf senescence), and high humidity promoted the growth, which results in the delay of the third leaf senescence.
  • 岡野 邦夫, 伊藤 治, 竹葉 剛, 清水 明, 戸塚 績
    1985 年 54 巻 2 号 p. 152-159
    発行日: 1985/06/05
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    光化学オキシダントの主成分であるO3(0.2ppm)とNO2(2.0ppm)の混合ガスが, インゲン幼植物の個々の葉からの同化産物の転流・分配に及ぼす影響を, 13Cをトレーサーとして用いて調べた. NO2単独による葉面可視害は認められなかったが, NO2+O3の混合ガスは初生葉に著しいO3型の可視害を引き起した. NO2は同化産物の転流・分配にほとんど影響を与えず, 葉の13CO2固定能をかえって促進したため, 各部位への同化産物の転流量を増大させた. NO2+O3の混合ガスはO3単独以上に葉の13CO2固定を抑制し, その程度は第1本葉より初生葉で大であった. また初生葉からの同化産物の転流を阻害し, 逆に第1本葉からの転流を促進した. さらに新葉や上位茎への同化産物の分配率を高め, 逆に根や下位茎への分配率を低下させた. その結果, 根や下位茎への同化産物の転流量はO3単独以上に減少した. 本実験の結果から, NO2+O3の混合ガスは同化産物の転流・分配に対してO3単独と類似した影響を与えること, 共存するNO2はそれ自身では植物にほとんど悪影響を与えなくとも, O3の毒性を増幅する作用があること, 等が明らかとなった. O3とNO2による相乗効果のメカニズムについて, いくつかの可能性を指摘した.
  • 長南 信雄, 川原 治之助, 松田 智明
    1985 年 54 巻 2 号 p. 160-169
    発行日: 1985/06/05
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    The histology and ultrastructure of the transverse veins in the 8th leaf blade of rice were examined with a light and an electron microscopes in relation to possible pathways for photosynthate from mesophyll to the sieve element. 1. The transverse veins lack the parenchyma sheath and mestome sheath, accordingly the vascular elements are in contact with the mesophyll cells. The elliptical mesophyll cells are closely attached on both sides of the transverse veins with smaller number of vascular elements. Sieve elements of the transverse veins are entirely surrounded by the mesophyll cells and vascular elements, and the walls are rarely exposed to the intercellular space (Fig. 1). 2. The phloem of transverse veins consists of a single sieve element and one to three phloem parenchyma cells. The sieve elements contain a few mitochondria and have thin walls. Phloem parenchyma cells are classified into three types (A, B and C) according to the size and structure. The A-type cells are smaller than the cells of the other types and have abundant mitochondria, small vacuoles and dense cytoplasm. The B-type cells contain chloroplasts and all of the other organelles which are present in mesophyll cells, but the walls are thicker than mesophyll cells. The C-type cells contain plastids with undeveloped thylakoids and mitochondria with well-developed cristae, and have relatively thick walls (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). The xylem of transverse veins consists of a single vessel and one to three xylem parenchyma cells. The xylem parenchyma cells contain various organelles such as mitochondria, plastids, dictyosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and microbodies, and the wall that faces to the lumen of the vessel has a swollen and loosely fibrillar appearance (Figs. 8 and 9). 3. The mesophyll cells are interconnected by plasmodesmata (Fig. 4), and are connected by plasmodesmata with the B-, C-type cells of phloem parenchyma and the cells of xylem parenchyma, but connections between mesophyll cells and A-type phloem parenchyma cells are rare. Vascular parenchyma cells are interconnected by abundant plasmodesmata, in contrast, connections between sieve elements and vascular parenchyma cells are rare (Table 1). It is assumed, therefore, that photosynthate moves in the symplast from mesophyll cells to the A-type phloem parenchyma cells via the other parenchyma cells, and during this process sucrose may be released into the apoplast and finally be absorbed by the sieve element. 4. The sieve elements of the transverse veins are connected by the sieve plates to those in metaphloem of the longitudinal vascular bundles (Figs. 10 and 12). The vessels of the transverse veins are also connected to metaxylem of the longitudinal bundles, especially to the small vessels in the middle of longitudinal large bundles (Fig. 11).
  • 高屋 武彦, 本田 太陽, 伊藤 昌光
    1985 年 54 巻 2 号 p. 170-176
    発行日: 1985/06/05
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    (Experiment 1) The effects of mixed sowing on lodging and yield were examined when eight cultivars, having lodging-resistance and different plant length, were mixed with Koshihikari, which is tall and lodging-susceptible. Koshihikari and another variety were sowed alternately to two rows and two rows respectively. (Experiment 2) The relationship between intervarietal competition and difference of plant length was investigated, using twelve pairs of varieties which have different plant length, lodging-resistance and maturity. The method of mixture was the same with experiment 1. Both the experiments were carried out with direct sowing on well drained paddy field. Results of the two experiments can be summarized as follows : 1. It was recognized that all the varieties used in experiment 1 brought the positive effects of mixed sowing on lodging reduction and yield increase for Koshihikari. The shorter plant length of variety, the more effect on lodging prevention was observed. And the significant correlation coefficient was obtained between them. 2. Tall varieties showed greater competitive ability than short varieties. This suggests that the competitive ability is due mainly to the plant length under the method of mixture used in these experiments. 3. The more difference of plant length between varieties, the greater competition was observed. Positive correlation coefficient was found between the difference of plant length and the change in yield by mixed sowing (per cent mixed hill yield / pure hill yield). In addition, a severe lodging increased competition, although the difference of plant length was little. 4. The yield in the mixed stand was significantly more than the average yield for the components grown in pure stand, but was not significantly more than that of the better of its components.
  • 宮崎 尚時, 矢ヶ崎 和弘, 安井 健
    1985 年 54 巻 2 号 p. 177-178
    発行日: 1985/06/05
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
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