As sprint running is such a basic movement for humans, it has been frequently used in research. Modern research on sprint running started in the early 1920s, and the neurological and muscular functions associated with sprint running and instinctive movements were the first to be investigated (Mero, 1992). Many studies have been conducted on improving the ability of humans to run sprint races, but as one problem has been solved, others have been raised. As a result, many issues remain to be addressed. These can be broadly categorized as : (1) mechanical efficiency in sprint running, (2) joint torque and power in sprint running, (3) muscular activity in sprint running, (4) the relationship between muscular activity and sprint running movements, (5) 100 m race patterns based on time analyses, and (6) the relationship between sprint running movements and speed. The results of studies on areas 1-3 are important for improving sprint running ability. Basically, understanding the physiological functions involved in sprinting helps to clarify the associated technical and physical factors. The results of studies on areas 4-6 provide useful information for coaches and athletes. As the level of competition is very high, effective utilization of scientific data can be the key to the success of an athlete. The present review concludes that the relationship between mechanical efficiency and sprint running cannot yet be clarified because there are no standardized methods for estimating mechanical work, and it is difficult to estimate anaerobic energy consumption during sprint running. In view of the fact that the degree of reutilization of elastic energy clearly influences mechanical efficiency, elastic energy makes less of a contribution to sprint running than it does to sub-maximal running. Muscular activity is predominantly assessed using the electromyography, but to ascertain the effects of muscular activity on sprint running, it is necessary to determine changes in the length of muscle-tendon complexes and joint torque. Baba et al. (2000) solved many of these problems and the organized complex factors involved in sprint running. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to ascertain the relationships between sprint running movement and speed based on movement analyses of numerous athletes during competitions. These studies have identified characteristic movements in good sprinters and their significance. It appears tha almost no correlation exists between sprint running speed and leg movement during the recovery phase, although a significant correlation between leg movement during the foot contact phase and sprint running speed has been identified. This type of information is extremely useful for coaches and sprinters.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the factorial structure of perceived condition fluctuation considering a time lag in a single case design applying dynamic factor analysis (DFA). The subject was a female swimmer who had won the 200-m individual medley in the 1998 inter-collegiate competition in Japan. The 15 selected items measured her perceived physical and mental condition ; the amount of training per and her regular lifestyle were recorded by herself on the "Quality Control (QC) Sheet" every day for 167 days, 24 weeks. Common factors of condition fluctuation were extracted from multivariate time-series data using DFA with the maximum likelihood (ML) method and quartimax rotation. The lag-2 variance / covariance was most optimal for DFA according to autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation of all variable. Five factors and the lag-2 DFA model were adopted considering several model-fitting indicators. The factorial structure of condition fluctuation was different in each lag model, although such factors as the amount of practice, meal satisfaction, perceived condition, and fatigue were extracted in all lag models. It was inferred that the factorial structure of perceived condition fluctuation in a female swimmer could be constructed with a time lag consideration. It was expected that changes of factorial structure accompanying time progression could be confirmed by using DFA for multivariate time-series data.

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本研究では,レジスタンス運動における代表的な負荷方法であるStrength-up type(S-type)の運動とBulk-up type(B-type)の運動と負荷特性の相違を,動作中の筋放電量(実験A)と運動後の成長ホルモンの分泌量(実験B)の両面から検討することを目的とした。実験A,Bともに,被験者には健常な一般成人男性8名を用い,S-typeの運動とB-typeの運動をそれぞれ異なる日に行わせた。運動には,実験Aでは片脚による膝伸展運動を,実験Bでは両脚による膝伸展運動を用いた。実験A,Bともに,S-typeの運動においては1RMの90%の負荷を,セット間に3分間の休息をはさんで5セット行わせた。これに対して,B-typeの運動においては,1-3セットは1RMの80,60,40%,4-6セットは70,50,40%,7-9セットの間には30秒間,3-4,6-7セットの間には3分間の休息をはさんで,合計9セット行わせた。両運動ともに,いずれのセットにおいても動作は可能な限り反復させた。主な結果は以下の通りである。(1)各セットにおける反復回数は,S-typeの運動では3-8回の範囲にあったが,B-typeの運動では8-24回の範囲にあった(実験A,実験B)。(2)各セットにおける大腿直筋,外側広筋,内側広筋の%mEMGを平均化した値は,S-typeの運動では等尺性最大筋力発揮時の値とほぼ同様の水準が維持されていたのに対して,B-typeの運動では,3セットごとにみるとセット数が進むにつれてて低下したが,9セット全体でみると徐々に増加する傾向が認められた(実験A)。(3)各セットにおけるFmeam/%mEMGは,s-typeの運動ではいずれのセットにおいても一定の水準が維持されていたのに対して,B-typeの運動ではセット数が進むにつれて大きく低下する傾向が認められた。(4)運動後の血清成長ホルモン濃度は,B-typeの運動がS-typeの運動に比較して著しく上昇し,両運動間には運動後のいずれの時間においても有意差が認められた(実験B)。また,血中乳酸濃度も,B-typeの運動がS-typeの運動に比較して高値を示した(実験A,実験B)。(5)運動後における大腿囲の増加率は,B-typeの運動がS-typeの運動に比較して有意に高値を示した(実験A,実験B)。(6)運動後におけるMVCおよびMRFDの減少率は,いずれもB-typeの運動がS-typeの運動に比較して有意に高値を示した(実験B)。上述の結果は,S-typeの運動とB-typeの運動における負荷特性には,神経系の改善と筋肥大に関連した要因から見てきわめて大きな相違があること,およびこれらの相違が両運動のトレーニング効果の差に影響を及ぼす可能性があることを示唆するものである。

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According to a previous study, the concept of "physical education" was introduced into Japan as a result of the influence of Westernization after the Meiji Restoration (1868). In the opening 10 years of the Meiji era, the initial concept was education for physical aspect, and as its method, both physical exercise and hygiene were used. Early in the second decade of the Meiji era, a second concept arose from the first, namely education for physical aspect being restricted physical exercise as its method. Later in the second decade of the Meiji era, a third concept - that was education for both physical and mental aspects through physical exercise - arose. However, the previous study failed to address some of the following points. Arinori Mori, a foreign service employee and thereafter the first Minister of Education in 1884, addressed his thoughts concerning military drill in the 12th year of the Meiji era (1879) ; this led to the third concept, which was subsequently termed "physical education". Therefore, the third concept which termed "physical education" had already been proposed in the early half of the second decade of the Meiji era, rather than in the latter half. To prove this, the present paper consists of the following three chapters : Chapter 1discusses the background that led Mori to reach his conclusions about military drill. Chapter 2 demonstrates that the third concept was consistent component of Mori's thoughts, and Chapter 3 shows that the third concept which termed "physical education" existed early in the second decade of the Meiji era.

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本研究は,スプリント走時の下肢の動作および関節トルク発揮と等速性最大筋力との関係を明らかにし,スプリント走のトレーニングを考える上での基礎資料を得ることを目的とした。本研究から得られた知見は以下の通りである。(1)疾走速度と疾走時の下肢の動作および関節トルクとの間で有意な相関関係が認められたのは,支持期の膝関節最大伸展速度(負の相関),回復期の股関節屈曲トルクおよび伸展トルク(正の相関),支持期の膝関節伸展トルクおよび足関節底屈トルク(正の相関)であった。(2)疾走時の下肢関節トルクと下肢の等速性最大筋力との間でいくつかの有意な相関関係が認められたが,,中でもパフォーマンスに影響すると考えられる関係は,回復期の股関節進展トルクと短縮性股関節屈曲筋力(30,180および300deg/s),回復期の膝関節屈曲トルクと膝関節屈曲筋力(短縮性:180deg/s,伸張性:30,180および300deg/s),支持期の足関節底屈トルクと短縮性底屈筋力(180および300deg/s)であった。特に,支持期の膝関節および足関節では,等速性最大筋力が大きいことで支持期の関節トルクを介して関節の角度変位を小さくし,効率的なキック動作を引き出している可能性が示唆された。(3)疾走速度と下肢の等速性最大筋力との間で有意な正の相関関係が認められたのは,股関節屈曲筋力(短縮性:30,180および300deg/s,伸張性:30deg/s),短縮性股関節伸展筋力(180deg/s),短縮性および伸張性膝関節屈曲筋力(180deg/s),短縮性膝関節伸展筋力(180deg/s)であった。以上の結果から,回復期の股関節や,支持期の膝関節および足関節における関節トルクの発揮と,それに引き続き生じる動作には,等速性最大筋力が大きく関わっていることが明らかとなった。従って,スプリント走のパフォーマンス向上において,回復期の股関節や,支持期の膝関節および足関節動作は,それぞれの間接での等速性最大筋力のトレーニングによって改善される可能性が示唆された。

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The purpose of this study was to examine parental influence on children's cognitive and effective attitude to competitive sports, focusing particularly on parental daily behavior from the viewpoint of the "message from parent to child". The subjects included junior soccer players belonging to a lower branch of the J League and their parents (553 families). All completed questionnaires. The result of the first analysis revealed a structure of the "message" from parents to children composed of "reinforcing self-confidence", "indirect approval", "support", "control", "value", "emotional appreciation" and "oriented result". The next analysis examined the relationship between the "message" and children's cognitive and affective attitude in terms of "intrinsic motivation", "competence", and "fear of significant other". Both the children's perception of the "message" and the parent's self-reported one were evaluated. The most significant findings were : 1) There was no relationship between parent's self-reported "message" and children's attitude, although children's perception was significantly related to children's attitude. 2) Some aspects of the "message" were related to children's positive attitude, and to other other aspects to a negative attitude. However, "emotional appreciation" and "control" were related to a positive and a negative attitude.

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