An electromyographic study was made on the pattern of posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) activity in speech articulation in different kinds of languages. It was found that PCA activity was generally increasing for voiceless consonant production, while suppressed for the voiced cognate. Increasing PCA activity was also noted in breathy attack and in the production of aspirated sounds. In most cases, the pattern of PCA activity was reciprocal with that of the interarytenoid.
The present study seemed to indicate that increasing PCA activity was associated with articulatory gestures of opening the glottis. It was assumed that the articulatory adjustment of the intrinsic muscles might be specific for the human larynx.

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Wound healing among 150 patients with head and neck cancer after radical neck dissections or composite operations through various skin incisions was studied. The results were as follows:
1) Mllion's modified neck incision and MacFee's parallel transverse incisions in the group of patients with radical neck dissections only resulted in the high primary healing rates.
2) In the group of cases undergoing a composite operation, Crile's Y-shaped incisions and Million's incision resulted in fairly good primary healing rates.
3) The composite operations through parallel transverse incisions covering bilateral neck, median T-shaped incisions and median H-shaped incisions Cor Martin's double-Y incisions for laryngectomy and bilateral neck dissection) showed such frequent wound complications as salivary fistulae and carotid artery ruptures
4) Wound complications occurred 4.5 times more in composite operations by both irradiated and nonirradiated cases than in radical neck dissections only.

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In the case of surgical treatment of Meniere's disease, endolympnatic shunt operation is considered to be the most rational method from the pathophysiological point of view. However, chordotomy seems to be very effective despite of its simple proeedure. The authors recently performed chordotomy after Rosen on 34 patients of stubborn Meniere's disease. After the operation 60% of the patients were cured of the attack of vertigo, 25% got better, and only the remaining 15% hardly improved. Besides for Meniere's disease, chordotomy was effectively performed for peripheral vertigo caused by inner ear trauma.
The clinical significance of chordotomy is considered as follows; Chordotomy is the allopathic treatment for peripheral vertigo and dizziness. It is remarkably efficacious not only for the vertigo which attacks in clusters the patients of Meniere's disease but also for the dizziness in the remission phase of Meniere's disease and inner ear trauma. Immediately after the division of the chorda tympani, nystagmus to the non-operative side was recorded. The fact implies that the chorda tympani may have a certain influence on vestibular mechanism.

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Three cases were reported. The initial case was a patient of the maxillar cancer who had a pain over the left upper gingiva and a swelling of the left cheek and was treated with the radiation and injection of 5-FU. The pain over the gingiva became mild after the administration of the maxillar nerve block by alcohol for over 3 months.
The second case was a patient of the maxillar cancer who had a pain over the left cheek and had an operation. But the cancer was progressive. He was treated with the radiation and injection of bleomycin.
The pain over the left cheek became mild after the administration of the maxillar nerve block by alcohol, but it became uneffective due to the progress of the maxillar cancer. The last case was a patient who had a swelling of the left cheek and treated with the radiation and injection of 5-FU. The pain over the left cheek and teeth became mild after the administration of the maxillar nerve block by alcohol for over onemonth.
The maxillar nerve block by alcohol is effective to relieve the patients of the maxillar cancer from the pain when it is administrated with the treatment such as radiation and injection of 5-FU or bleomycin.

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In order to prevent the transformation or deformation of the maxillary sinus after radical operation we tried a new method, namely the opening of the anterior wall of the antrum was sewed up with periosteum of facial wall. This method produced good condition of the wound to hold cave-healing of the maxillary sinus.
Nine cases of sinuitis were treated by this method and the radiographic and tomographic examination after the surgery showed satisfactory results.

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So far surgical treatment of the congenital webs of the larynx has been rarely done for the new born baby or infant. The authors reported a 2-year-old girl of the congenital laryngeal web closing the anterior one half of the glottis. Her chief complaints were stridor and cat-like crying voice. She was operated by modified Alonso's technique under tracheostomy. The diaphragm was incised under direct laryngoseopy. The borders of the vocal cords were kept in separation for a week by a V-shaped gumm membrane which was fixed by a suture through the skin of the neck. After the operation her respiration and phonation were improved satisfactorily.

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When certain chemical substances are put on the round window membrane or in the middle ear cavity, histological and physiological changes occur in the inner ear.
In this study the changes of endocochlear DC potential were recorded after putting two NaCl crystals on the round window membrane of the guinea pig. Histological examination of the temporal bone was also performed after the experiment. The effect of the mechanical injury of the cochlea by frequent insertion of microelectrode for the recording of endocochlear DC potential was found to be negligiable by the preliminary experiment.
Endocochlear DC potential showed a remarkable decrease when NaCl crystals were put on the round window membrane and the level of the potential reached 20 to 30% of the initial level 2.5 hours after the NaCl placement. The potential of control animal showed no remarkable change. The swelling of the sustaining cells on the basilar membrane and exudative substances in the scala tympani of the basal turn of the cochlea were observed. No particular changes were observed in the stria vascularis and the spiral ligament. Distinctive collapse or hydropsy of the cochlear duct were not observed.

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Pitressin is one of the hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It is known that pitressin acts to promote the reabsorption of the water and sodium ion in the distal kidney tubule. The stria vascularis resembles the kidney tubule histologically and it is well known that diuretics cause an increase in the concentration of sodium in the endolymph and a decrease of the concentration of potassium in the endolymph. The effect of pitressin on the cochlear microphonics (CM) was studied by means of differential electrode technics. The following results were obtained.
1. With the injection of 0.4 unit/kg of pitressin, the CM decreased gradually to 76.3% of the initial value within 30 minutes, to 64.3% within 1 hour and to 48.0% within 3 hours.
2. With the injection of 8 unit/kg of pitressin, the CM rapidly decreased to 46.7% of the initial value within 1 hour and maintained the same value for over 4 hours.
Pitressin caused a depression of the CM. It would be due to the decrease in the concentration of sodium in the endolymph by promoting the reabsorption of the sodium ion in the stria vascularis and the increase in the volume and pressure of the endolymph and perilymph, bacause the CM is easily affected by the ionic changes in the endolymph and perilymph.

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It has been widely accepted that nucleic acids play an important role in the immunological mechanisms. Therefore, nucleic acids in the palatine tonsils were measured in order to explain the immunological characteristics of the palatine tonsils.
Schmidt & Thannhauser's procedure for determination of tonsilar nucleic acids was undertaken. Following this procedure, chemical quantative estimation of their DNA-P and RNA-P with Fiske and Subbarow's method was carried out. The palatine tonsils were stamped for staining with Feulgen stain for DNA and Azur B stain for RNA. The amount of nucleic acids in cells were measured with use of micro-spectrophotometer.
High values of nucleic acids in the palatine tonsils were found in chronic tonsillitis, especially in a group of focal chronic tonsillitis, while a group of hypertrophy contained the lowest value of nucleic acids. In a group of age under 10 years, values of nucleic acids in chronic tonsillitis were higher than those in tonsil hypertrophy.
It is supposed that tonsillar nucleic acids which increased in amount because of chronic inflammation, especially focal infection, produce antibodies against antigen.
In relationschip with the age of patients, nucleic acids in chronic tonsillitis showed the highest amount in a group of age 20-29 of which tonsils seemed to acquire immunity capability by repeated inflammation, and second highest in a group of age 10-19, next 4-9. Tonsillar nucleic acids had the lowest value in a group of age over 30, suggesting the presence of regressive tonsillar atrophy in this group.
Regarding the bacterial groups in the tonsils, slightly high values of nucleic acids were also found in tonsils with haemolytic streptococcus or staphylococcus aureus. This might mean occurrence of tonsillar immunity reaction against pathogenic bacteria.
Nucleic acids in tissue cells with chronic inflammation showed high amount in plasma cells, reticulum cells and lymphocytes that are said to produce antibodies. Nucleic acids in chronic tonsillitis decreased in amount by tonsillar lacuna-syringe, but increased after indirect irradiation of tonsil with ultrashort wave. These quantitative change of tonsillar nucleic acids according to exclusion or absorption of antigenic substances suggests that tonsils have antibody producing capacity.
In the patients who were given adreno-cortical hormon (glucocorticoid), the values of nucleic acids in focal chronic tonsillitis was lower than that seen in a control groups. It is concluded that in the immunological mechanisms nucleic acids in the palatine tonsils play an important role and may be influenced by adreno-cortical function.

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The superimposed contrast-laryngography was performed to observe the movement of the laryngeal surface during phonation. Twenty nomal subjects, 10 males and 10 females, were examined from postero-anterior and lateral direction, each vocalizing “eh” in pianissimo and fortissimo at five different levels of pitch. The following results were obtained.
1) When elevating thepitch:
(a) In the male chest register, the supraglottic space widened during the phonation between low and middle pitch, but no specific changes were seen from middle to high pitch. In falsetto, the same pitch caused a wider supraglottic space than in the chest register. In falsetto, the space became narrower with tone elevation. Female cases also showed a progressive reduction in the space.
(b) In male subjects, the downward movement of the false and vocal cords increased within chest register and falsetto as pitch elevated. At the same pitch, the movement decreased in falsetto. Female subjects showed an increase in the downward movement from low to middle notes, but no specific changes were observed at high pitch.
(c) With the elevation of pitch, the site of the vocal cord elevated (cwithin both register. At the same pitch, the site of the vocal cord of male subjects was lower in falsetto.
(d) The epiglottis-vocal cord angle widenedfrom low to middle pitch in the chest register, but showed nodefinite changes from middle to high pitch. The angle became markedly narrow at the highest pitch. In female subjects, the angle narrowed progressively with pitch elevation.
2) When intensifying the voice:
(a) The supraglottic space became narrower in every pitch except in the case of male falsetto and female high notes, both of which showed the opposite phenomenon.
(b) In male subjects, the downward movement of the vocal cord increased at the low pitch of the chest register. Female cases showed no specific changes.

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