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Volume 16, Issue 5
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Y. Shibuya1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 235-238
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present author previously worked out an elementary theory which could explain qualitaively the relation between the Young’s modulus and the degree of order regarding β-brass. By an analogous reasoning we examined in this paper the relation between the Young’s modulus and the composition of solid solutions. Denoting the force constant in regard to the interaction energy between A atoms, that between B atoms, and that between atoms A and B, by ξAA, ξBB and ξAB, respectively, we obtained the following results: (1) in case that the force constant ξAB is equal to the mean value of two force constants ξAA and ξBB, a linear relation between the Young’s modulus and the composition is obtained; (2) in case that ξAB is not equal to the mean value, a non-linear relation is obtained; (3) the theoretical curves obtained with appropriate values of ratio of the force constants agree well with the experimental ones; (4) using the value of ξAA obtained from the measured values of the lattice constant and the compressibility, we are able to estimate the magnitude of the Young’s modulus of molybdenum of polycrystalline form which agrees within about 10 per cent with the measured value.View full abstractDownload PDF (644K) -
Yûki Shirakawa, Tôru Ôhara, Takeshi Abe1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 239-242
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen a ferromagnetic bar magnetized circularly by a current through it is longitudinally magnetized by anexternal field, the bar will be subjected to torque, which is called the “Wiedemann Effect”.
In this paper the Wiedemann effect of “Alfer” (12.91% Al-Fe alloy) at the room temperature was measured up to 820 Oe in longitudinal magnetic field and to 8A (the circular magnetic field at the surface of the rod was about 10.7 Oe) in current through the specimens, 3 mm in diameter and 150 mm in length.
The Wiedemann effect, namely the angle of twist, of “Alfer” increases at the constant current with an increasing longitudinal field and after attaining a maximum value, gradually decreases. The amount of the maximum value of angle as well as the corresponding field increase with an increasing current through the specimen. In a weak field, the effect increases at first at a constant rate, and then reaches a saturation value with an increasing current, and in high fields, the effect becomes proportional to the current. The effect of “Alfer” has a opposite sign to that of Ni, and those amounts are nearly the same.View full abstractDownload PDF (572K) -
Ryûtarô Nagai1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 242-245
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
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Namio Kawashima, Yuzô Nakamura1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 246-249
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
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Yoshimi Tanabe1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 249-253
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this report, the experiments were carried on Fe-Mn, Fe-C-Mn and Fe-C-Mn-Cr alloys with respect to the following items: (1) the change of HCl (37%) quantity in the 3% Cu(NH4)2Cl4·2H2O solution, (2) the relation between optimum replica solutions and corrosive reduction by HCl, (3) the concentration of Cu••, H• and Cl′, (4) the relation between optimum replica solution and structure of alloys and (5) the compositions of replica solution on the Fe-C-Mn and Fe-C-Mn-Cr alloys.
The used samples are shown on the Table 1 and Table 2. The results of experiments are shown in the Table 3 and Table 4. On the chemical plating, some relations are found between the ions of Cu••, H• and Cl′ in the replica solution which varies according to the concentrations of Mn in the iron. Substituting the concentration of H• and Cl′ with HCl quantity, these relations are shown in the Fig. 1. In the figure, the newly gaind HCl curve is symmetrical to the corrosive reduction curve against the streight line which is kept 2.8/4.9. The replica solutions which content HCl quantity in the range of 1.55 to 2.17 cc can be replaced in the structure of many Fe-Mn alloys except γ. And γ structure is replaced by means of replica solutions which contain about 20 cc of HCl quantity next, HCl quantites in the replica solution for Fe-C-Mn and Fe-C-Mn-Cr alloys are shown by the mean value of HCl quantities which were used in the case of replica of every Fe-C, Fe-Mn and Fe-Cr alloys.View full abstractDownload PDF (892K) -
Yoshimi Tanabe1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 253-256
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this report, the experiments were carried on carbon steel, Ni-Cr steel and Cr-Mn steel with respect to the fellowing items: (1) the change of HCl (37%) quantity in the 3% Cu(NH4)2Cl4·2H2O solution, (2) the concentration of Cu••. H• and Cl′, (3) the relation between optimum replica solution, martensite and normal structure.
The used samples are shown in the Table 1 and heat treatment of samples is shown in the Table 2. The results of experiments are shown in the Table 3. On the chemical plating, some relations are found between the ions of Cu••, H• and Cl′ in the replica, solution which varies according to the concentrations of alloying elements in the iron and structure. Substituting the concentration of H• and Cl′ with HCl quantity, these relations has synthetic ions concentration constant on the replacement of martensite. The concentration of optimum replica solution is determined by the change of added HCl quantity, at this case, the concentrations of Cu(NH4)2Cl4·2H2O solution is constant. If the concentration of Cu(NH4)2Cl4·2H2O solution is 3%, martensite is replaced by replica solution, of which HCl quantity increase about 0.1 cc more than in the case of replacement of normal structure. Photo. 1, Photo. 2, Photo. 3 and Photo. 4 show the photographs of replica.View full abstractDownload PDF (686K) -
Kiyokazu Ogawa, Eiichi Tsuji1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 256-259
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this report, after various processes of machining steel from which residual stresses had been removed perfectly we measured several depths of stressed layers produced by those operations and investigated the correlation between them and the ratio of dimensional changes produced by quenching the specimens. Then, they were measured by both hardness and recrystallization methods which had proved to be better when we had many preparative experiments for measurement.
According to the above results, depth of stressed layer produced by turning at the cutting speed of 20 m/min was the greatest, and those by other machinings i.e. high-velocity turning at the cutting speed of 40.7 m/min, grinding and accurate grinding gradually decreased. It was the least in the case of superfinishing.
Next, we recognized that in proportion to the depth of stressed layers dimensional changes produced by quenching at the constant temperature 850° increased.
Futher, we found that ratio of dimensional changes produced by quenching the specimens which were annealed after machinings was less than those which were only machined.View full abstractDownload PDF (687K) -
Masao Homma, Yasuhiko Hashimoto, Masatoshi Fuse, Keizô Iwase1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 260-265
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe dissolved oxygen in molten cast iron is gradually and continuously increased by melting with some slags, and applying this treatment, the changes of micro-structure and other properties of cast iron is examined.
The results are summerized as follows:
(1) Covering the melt by slags of various compositions, the decaruburization curve of Fe-C alloy was analysed and consequently the behaviour of slags was clarified.
(2) At commercial cast iron, oxygen supplied from slag reacts only with Si and did not react with Mn, C. Si decreases with the basicity of slag and treating time at the melting temperature of 1350°.
(3) If oxygen gradually increases in cast iron having flake graphite structure, the microstructure changes as follows: flake gr. str.→rose gr. str.→eut gr. str.→inverse chilled str.→white cast iron structure (ledeburite).View full abstractDownload PDF (1102K) -
Masao Homma, Yasuhiko Hashimoto, Masatoshi Fuse, Keizô Iwase1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 265-271
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBy means of the fact that oxygen may be supplid to the melt by treating the melt with purposely prepared slag, we examined the changes of various properties of cast iron which had high percentage of S and consequently was white. The results as follows:
(1) By the increase of O2 the grey structure changes from flake gr. to rose gr. and eutectic graphite, and then appearing the effect of white cast ironization of O2, the structure has not constancy, varying grey or white structure at each melting. With much more addition of O2, structure goes to inverse chilled and white iron at last.
(2) By the desulphurization treatment, we recognized that Mn/S=3∼5 is critical value at grey\leftrightarrowswhite structure change and at Mn/S=6∼7 structure stabilizes as grey iron. The mechanism of Mn action to S is that the formation of Fe-Mn-S cluster suppresses the action of sulphure which makes the structure white.
(3) The existence of ferrous silicate slime by Von Keil and his views with regard to the grain size caused by this particles, is criticized by authors.View full abstractDownload PDF (1373K) -
T. Yanagihara, K. Itoh1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 272-274
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCooling the melt of 90% bismuth alloy at the cooling velocity of 3.5°C/min from 300° to the measuring temperature, the relation between the draining time and holding duration at the temperature was investigated. It is recognized that the almost all of the primary crystallization occurs after ca. 10 minutes holding, followed by the growth of the crystals and reaches its equilibrium state after 30 minutes holding.
The influence of cooling velocity was also investigated. The cooling procedure at the cooling velocity less than 0.5°C/min seems to crystallize the amount of primary crystals in equilibrium state.View full abstractDownload PDF (392K) -
Hidehiro Gotô, Toshio Watanabe1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 274-277
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNon-metallic inclusions in iron and steel were determined by hot nitric acid, electrolytic or chlorine methods as usual. Authors have studied the adaptabilities of these three methods in the analysis of plain carbon steel and silicon steel.
On plain carbon steel, these methods were carried out easily but hot nitric acid method gave a lower result for silica than other methods, and electrolytic method gave higher results for ferrous oxide and manganese oxide than other methods.
After all, chlorine method is most convenient and accurate. Hot nitric acid and electrolytic methods gave rather higher results for silica in silicon steel, but if more chlorine would be passed than usual, chlorine method would give correct results.View full abstractDownload PDF (617K) -
Namio Kawashima, Yuzo Nakamura, Takuji Okugawa1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 278-281
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
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Masayoshi Tagaya, Akira Adachi, Hiroshi Kishimoto1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 281-285
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the treatment of steels to produce file-hard surface, it has been found possible to increase the depth and hardness of case greatly as well as to reduce the temperature required for the treatment, by introducing nitrogen bearing compounds such as ammonium salts, cyanides, cyanamides, etc., along with the pack carburizing medium.
This manner of case hardening is very similar to liquid cyaniding or gas cyaniding, such as carbonitriding, in the type of case formed.
Therefore, it is adequately called “solid cyaniding or solid carbonitriding.”
In the presence of nascent nitrogen supplied by the salts, carbon diffuses into the steel at temperatures well bellow the ordinary carburizing range. Thus, in the region of 750∼850°, a surface high in carbon and nitrogen can be hardened by oil or water quenching.
The type of case produced, namely, hardness and depth, largely depends upon the temperature ranging from 750∼950°, and the duration of time (1 or 4 hrs), and the ratio of salts in solid carburizing constituents. The best results were obtained when the mixture consisted of 20% Ca-cyanamide, 10∼20% sodium, barium or calcium carbonate and the remainder charcoal. The advantage this type of treatments includes the high wear resistance, high case hardness followed by the relatively low treating temperature, and less drastic quenching requirement. In addition, plain steel can be substituted in many cases for alloy steel where the core properties are not too important. Among other advantages of this method its lower cost, much reduced distortion during processing are pointed out. Finally, the operation of this solid carbonitriding equipment is much safer than that of liquid cyaniding.View full abstractDownload PDF (666K) -
Hidehiro Gotô, Shirô Watanabe1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 286-290
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSilicon, Nitrogen, Niekel, Phosphorus and Molybdenum in Iron and Steel were determined rapidly by the use of photo-electric photometer.
\ oindent(1) Silicon: In the weak acid solution, silicon was colorized as “Molybdenum blue” by reducing silico-molybdate with ferrous salts and oxalic acid, and 0.04∼0.21% of silicon in steel was determined in about 10 minutes, by refering to the calibration curve prepared with known amounts of silicon.
\ oindent(2) Nitrogen: Sample was dissolved in an acid and nitrogen was converted to ammonium salts. After the separation of iron, it was colorizid with phenol and chloramin and 0.0094∼0.0594% of nitrogen in iron was determined.
\ oindent(3) Nickel: In the alkaline solution, nickel gives very intensive red coloured complex salts with dimethylglyoxime in the presence of oxydizing reagent. Applying this reaction, after the removal of iron, about 0.008∼0.06% of nickel in iron was determined in about 10 minutes.
\ oindent(4) Phosphorus: Applying the “Molybdenum blue” reaction with hydrazine, 0.022∼0.079% of phosphorus in iron was determined after the reduction of iron with sodiumsulfite.
\ oindent(5) Molybdenum: 0.20∼1.15% of molybdenum in iron and steel was determined without separation of iron by the use of the reaction in which molybdenum forms the coloured complex salt with stanous chlorid and potassium thiocyanate.View full abstractDownload PDF (820K) -
Shigeru Yokosuka, Masao Tanaka1952 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 291-294
Published: 1952
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAnalysis of impurities in pig lead by polarographic method was studied with good results establishing proper procedures in determining antimony, bismuth, copper, iron and zinc. This method proved satisfactory when applied to practical operation.
Antimony and bismuth, after being separated from their mother element which was in the form of PbSO4, were reduced with sulphuric acid and filter-paper slips. And a small volume of dilute HCl and tartaric acid was added to this solution. This was diluted and alkalified with caustic soda. And then copper was precipitated by adding oxine solution, and was settled and filtered.
To this filtrate was added some sulphuric acid and a small quantity of gelatine solution so as to make the supporting electrolyte 1NH2SO4.
Then its polarogram was recorded at 0∼−0.5 V by usual method.
Iron was precipitated as ferric hydroxide to remove the mother element and then was filtered.
The polarogram was recorded at −0.2∼−0.9 V by usual method with the supporting electrolyte of 1 M sodium citrate solution and a small volume of gelatine solution.
As to copper and zinc, their mother element was settled with ammonia as hydroxide.
After producing a supporting electrolyte (1N ammonia and 1N ammonium chloride) by adding NH4OH, NH4Cl, and a small volume of gelatine solution, the supernatant liquor was filtered and the polarogram of the filtrate was recorded at 0∼−0.6 V and −1.0∼−1.5 V.View full abstractDownload PDF (721K)
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