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Volume 17, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Mikio Yamamoto, Jirô Watanabé1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 1-4
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSimple procedures are described for preparing spherical single crystals of low melting metals, bismuth, tin and zinc, from the melt with glass molds having spherical swellings at the bottom. The Tammann method could readily be applied for bismuth with 80 percent of success, but it failed for tin and zinc. For both tin and zinc the Bridginan method combined with the casting by suction could be used with 85 and 60 percent of success, respectively. Single crystals thus made show the preference of crystal orientations in which the principal crystallographic axes, i.e. the trigonal axis of bismuth, the tetragonal axis of tin, and the hexagonal axis of zinc, lie nearly perpendicularly to the growth direction.View full abstractDownload PDF (722K) -
Mikio Yamamoto, Jirô Watanabé1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 5-9
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe primary factor affecting the precision in the orientation determination by light figures of metal crystal rods is the inclination of crystal planes producing light figures to the rod axis. As this inclination increases, the distinctness of light figures developed becomes so asymmetric that it is difficult to locate their centers of symmetry accurately, and consequently the accurate determination of crystal orientations can be made only within a limited range of inclination. In addition, the proper distinctness and shape of light figures have a subsidiary influence on this limitation.
For single crystal rods of cubic metals, the accurately determinable ranges for the {100}, {110} and {111} light figures, namely, of angles which the rod axis makes with the ⟨100⟩, ⟨110⟩ and ⟨111⟩ axes, are 90∼60°, 90∼70° and 100∼80°, respectively. It follows, then, that, if the orientation of the rod axis is represented by a point in a stereographic triangle (100)-(110)-(111), light figures applicable to the accurate orientation determination are limited to be (001), (010), (011), (1\bar10), (10\bar1), (01\bar1), (1\bar11) and (1\bar1\bar1) light figures, eight kinds in all. Moreover, these light figures can not always be used, but the kind and number of useful light figures or of accurately determinable angles depend on the crystal orientation to be determined. The relationship is shown in Fig. 3 in the text, in which the stereographic triangle (100)-(110)-(111) is divided into eighteen regions and the kind and number of angles or light figures in them are also tabulated in Table 1 in the text.
It is shown, further, that the geometrical relationships for the calculation of orientations referred to the tetragonal axes from the measured values of any two angles may be summarized in expressions of fourteen types.View full abstractDownload PDF (715K) -
Mikio Yamamoto, Jirô Watanabé1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 9-11
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is shown that orientation of single crystal rods of iron-aluminium alloys containing less than 6 percent aluminium can be determined with a precision well within 1° by the use of light figures found in our previous investigation and, in connection with these experiments, the results of considerations made in Part I concerning the orientation determination by the light-figure method of single crystal rods of cubic metals were confirmed.View full abstractDownload PDF (442K) -
T. Yagihashi1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 11-17
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTheoretical formulae showing the equilibrium relation between concentration of oxygen and hydrogen atoms in molten copper and H2O-H2 gas mixture by the statistical thermodynamical method, were compared with the known experimental data. From the fact that the linear relation between PH2O⁄PH2 and oxygen in molten copper deviates strongly as the concentration of oxygen increases, such a molten state of copper cannot be considered as an ideal solution. This deviation shows that mutual interaction energy of pairs of the dissolved atoms cannot be neglected. Then it has been determined experimentally that the mutual interaction energy \varphi00 is −24094 cal/mol. Next the author determined the numerical values of the constants ψ0, ψHlog\fracθ03j0, and log\fracθH3j in the theoretical formula by comparing them with experimental data, which represent the interaction energy between Cu and O, Cu and H, and the vibrational characteristic temperature of oxygen and hydrogen respectively in molten copper. Results are as follows:
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Consequently, the equilibrium relation which can be applied over the whole range of temperature of copper smelting and composition, is written in the following formula:
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where, x and y are atomic concentration of oxygen and hydrogen in molten copper.View full abstractDownload PDF (825K) -
Eitaro Matuyama1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 17-20
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
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Masao Homma, Masataka Sakamoto1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 20-24
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSynthetic cast iron prepared from electrolytic iron and carbon contains in many cases some oxygen and shows inversely chilled structure. This cast iron was used as specimen and was subjected to vacuum melting (10−3 mmHg) at 1200∼1400°C for some period of time, and after its soldification, the structure was examined. Fig. 1 Table 3 show the results obtained.View full abstractDownload PDF (1027K) -
Sadao Koshiba, Kazuo Tanaka, Asao Inata1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 25-27
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe authors investigated the corrosion resisting property of 18-8 stainless steel containing W, Mo and Cu against HCl, H2SO4 and C2O4H2. The results obtained are as follows: the corrosion resisting property against H2SO4 and HCl is better than the W or when Mo contents are increased, and then Mo is more effective than W. The corrosion resisting property against HCl is increased by adding Cu, but that against H2SO4 is decreased. When W is added, Mo and Cu to the 18-8 stainless steel, the corrosion resisting property against HNO3 and C2O4H2 is so excellent that the steel is not attacked by those reagents.View full abstractDownload PDF (532K) -
Tunezô Saitô, Kazuo Maruya1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 28-32
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe elimination of nitrogen by aluminium from molten iron was studied by determining the contents of AlN nitrogen and dissolved atomic nitrogen separately with respects to molten Fe-Al alloys which sufficiently reacted with nitrogen gas at one atmosphere. There was no clear relation between the content of AlN nitrogen and that of aluminium in the sample, but dissolved nitrogen decreased at first and then increased gradually as the content of aluminium increased with a minimum nitrogen content at about 1∼4 wt. per cent aluminium. Such a relation was clarified from the view point of statistical thermodynamics.
When pure molten aluminium reacted with nitrogen gas at one atmosphere, AlN was formed and nitrogen did not dissolve in the quasilattice of molten aluminium as atomic solutes.View full abstractDownload PDF (935K) -
Masami Suzuki1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 32-35
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAlthough much has been reported by many investigators, regarding the determination of antimony and tin based upon the utilization of Internal Electrolysis Method none of them have dealt with the subject of the present investigation. The new procedure adopted by the present author is based on the following principles. (1) Copper and antimony are determined together in 1∼2 N hydrochloric acid solution using ‾Sn-Hg anode. After dissolving the combined copper and antimony plate by the treatment with a mixture of nitric and tartaric acids, and oxidizing antimony in the quinquivalent state, copper is replated by the use of ‾Pb-Hg anode. Antimony may be determined by difference. (2) For copper and tin, they are determined simultaneously by plating with ‾Zn-Hg anode in 0.3∼0.5 N hydrochloric acid solution. After dissolving the combined deposit in hydrochloric acid, the determination can be completed by determining copper by re-plating using ‾Sn-Hg anode, getting tin by difference. Applying this analytical method described above to the estimation of copper and antimony in tin-base alloy, and copper and tin in various alloys, the excellent results were obtained.View full abstractDownload PDF (526K) -
Hidehiro Gotô, Shirô Watanabe1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 35-39
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe suitable concentration of acids and other conditions in ferrous-permanganate method after oxidation with persulfate for the determination of Mn in iron and steel were studied and the following results were obtained: (1) Acid concentration: using 2 g of (NH4)2S2O8 in total volume of 200 mL, Mn was determined in the concentration range of 1.2∼2.4 N H2SO4, 0.53∼1.20 N HNO3 and 0.6∼1.2 N mixed acid of H2SO4 and HNO3(3:1) but Mn could not be determined in acidic solution with HClO4. (2) Boiling time: the time for boiling of the solution for oxidation of Mn by (NH4)2S2O8 using AgNO3 was 5 min., causing the decomposition of permanganic acid. (3) Influence of H3PO4: when 1 g of Fe and 10 mg of Mn were present, the existence of 4 mL of H3PO4 (Sp. Gr 1.7) was preferable. (4) The suitable procedure for the determination of Mn in iron and steel was established and the analysis was carried out with several sample and good results were obtained.View full abstractDownload PDF (684K) -
Isao Gokyu, Yoshitake Ôyama1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 40-43
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFollowing 2nd report, we carried out the wire drawing of patented 0.6% carbon steel wire with back tension and obtained following results. (1) For the smaller reduction, the tensile strength is almost unchangeable in the case of proper back tension, but its yield strength and the twisting property increase slightly and the elastic limit considerably. (2) For the higher reduction the tensile strength of the wire drawn with proper back tension decreases, while the yield strength, the elastic limit and the twisting property increase. (3) When the wire is drawn with the same total reduction, the smaller the number of passes, the higher the tensile strength, the yield strength and elastic limit of the wire drawn with backtension. (4) In the ordinary process, the diameter of wire is larger than the diameter of die at its exit; this difference becomes smaller with the increase of the back tension. This is proved by the elastic expansion of die, and the plastic contraction and elastic expansion of drawn wire. (5) Using a die having large die angle and no bearing part, the diameter of drawn wire becomes smaller than the exit aparture of the die, as if the outflow of liquid, but using a die having small die angle and a bearing part, the diameter of drawn wire becomes larger. (6) At the entrance of a die, the wire already reduces its diameter in front of the contact point with the die wall. (7) When the same amount of wire is drawn, the amount of wear of the die having small die angle and long bearing part is larger than that of the die having large die angle and short bearing part, but the enlargement of die diameter of the former is smaller than that of the latter.View full abstractDownload PDF (692K) -
Isao Gokyu, Eisuke Fukuyama, Hitoshi Iwata1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 43-47
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing two sets of the ordinary industrial drawing machine, the drawing of carbon steel wire was carried out through the die having the same hole figure by means of the following four different methods: (A) ordinary method, (B) ordinary die-cooling method, (C) back tension method (D) back tension and die-cooling method. The results obtained were as follows: (1) In the case of the same reduction, die pressure and consumed drawing work are lower in the order of (A), (B), (C) and (D) method. (2) The temperature of die is the highest in (A) method, next in (C) method and about one-third of the former in both (B) and (D) method. (3) The temperature of drawn wire decreases in the order of (C), (D), (A) and (B) method. But the temperature increase in drawn wire is the highest in (A) method, almost equal in (C) and (B) method and the lowest in (D) method. (4) The tensile strength of drawn wire by this machine is the highest in (C) method, almost equal in (D) and (A) method and the lowest in (B) method. This seems to be due to the effect of strain aging caused by the heat generated in the drawnwire. (5) The amount of the wear of die decreases in the order of (A), (B) and (C) method, and almost none in (D) method when 800 kgs of 4 mm wire are drawn.
There will be many advantages in (D) method, using the simple machine, which is easily applicable in practice. We found that this method have the following advantages: (1) Cost of equipment is cheap. (2) The power consumption decreases. (3) The cost of die decreases. (4) deviation of diameter of wire is negligible and mechanical properties of drawn wire are constant. (5) The production can be increased by the possibility of high speed drawing.View full abstractDownload PDF (857K) -
Takao Honjo1953 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 48-51
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe cyanide titration method, which permits the volumetric estimation of nickel with speed and accuracy, depends upon the fact that nickel ions react with KCN in slightly ammoniacal solution, to form a complex anion Ni(CN)4−− with AgI as an indicator,
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In the volumetric estimation of Ni by cyanide method, the author found that the amount of ammonia to be added and that of AgI due to the addition of AgNO3 in the solution are of vital importance to ensure the successful titration. In studying the cyanide titration, the author get following conclusions:
(1) In the case of comparatively small addition of AgNO3, i.e. small amount of AgI which serves as an indicator, great excess of ammonia should be avoided strictly, for in the reaction
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the excess of ammonia hinders the above reaction: it results in attaining, to high concentration of KCN which reacts with AgI before the nickel ammonium ions are quantitatively titrated with KCN. It gives, therefore, incorrect results.
(2) In the presence of considerable amount of AgI in the solution due to the addition of about 5 cc of AgNO3, the excess ammonia does no harm, for the reaction seems to proceed in the different way, thus,
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The reaction seems to proceed effectively, since one of the products goes away from the equilibrium, i.e. AgNO3 reacts with KI to form insoluble AgI as is shown by the formula, provided that the solution contains some amount of KI.
(3) AgI serves, therefore, not only as an indicator, but also plays an important rôle in carrying out the titration in the presence of excess ammonia.
(4) The safe plan to perform the titration proposed by the author consists in adding considerable amount of AgNO3 to the solution previous to the titration with KCN. The recommended practice is as follows: neutralize nitric acid solution of Ni with ammonia, methyl orange as an indicator. Add 10 cc of 10% KI solution, followed by the addition of 5 cc of standard AgNO3 solution (5 g/L). The solution is then titrated with standard KCN solution and proceeded as usual. If, by chance, some excess of ammonia is happened to be added in process of neutralization, it does no harm in the presence of considerable amount of AgI as is already explained.View full abstractDownload PDF (669K)
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