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Volume 25, Issue 2
Displaying 1-18 of 18 articles from this issue
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Susumu Yoshida, Yukio Ohba, Norio Nagata1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 93-96
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of prestraining on the ductility of pure chromium at room temperature were studied and the following results were obtained: (1) The room-temperature ductility of chromium containing 0.004% nitrogen, which is obtained by electrolysis of chromic acid solution, can be improved considerably by means of prestraining by rolling. The most effective working conditions are: Rolling reduction 0.75∼3% at rolling temperature of 400°C and 3∼8% at 500°C. (2) Needle-like precipitates, probably nitrides, are observed in electron micrographs of properly prestrained and ductile specimens after polishing and electrolytic etching. (3) The effect of prestraining is considered to be due to the decrease of dissolved nitrogen atoms caused by the precipitation of nitride. The details of the effect can be explained from the correlation between (i) the amount of prestrain which controls the distribution of lattice defects and the enhancement of nitrogen and (ii) the temperature of prestraining which controls the solubility and diffusion of solute nitrogen atoms.View full abstractDownload PDF (487K) -
Satoru Mito1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 96-100
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeveral processes of the annealing brittleness in nickel containing oxygen and carbon in various degrees were investigated. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The degree of the annealing brittleness depends on the oxygen content, not on the carbon content. (2) It also depends on the cooling rate in low-oxygen specimens, which became brittle only in the case of rapid cooling,while specimens of high oxygen content showed always brittleness with all the cooling rate. (3) The brittleness occured at first in heating at any temperature above 500°C, but disappeared with lengthening of heating time. The former process may be attributed to the precipitation of oxides along grain boundaries and the latter to the reduction of oxide by carbon. (4) By pretreating in hydrogen gas at high temperatures the brittleness decreased considerably. (5) In a brittle specimen, an abnormal structure attributable perhaps to the precipitation of oxide was observed along the grainboundaries and the fracture occured along them, while not in a ductile specimen.View full abstractDownload PDF (483K) -
Satoru Mito1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 101-104
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe brittleness caused by heating in hydrogen gas was examined on several kinds of nickel specimens containing oxygen from 0.004% to 0.024%. It was clarified that this hydrogen embrittlement depends on the oxygen content, and by eliminating oxygen by preannealing at high temperature, it decreases considerably. Such a finding is similar to the hydrogen brittleness in copper. Also the brittleness attributed perhaps to the effect of residual hydrogen in nickel was observed. Namely, the recovery of brittleness and the so-called delayed failure phenomenon which occur in steels during atmospheric-temperature aging were observed. And, as a special characteristic, the embrittlement was obvious only in the case of rapid cooling and especially when tested by reverse bending. From these results it was concluded that the hydrogen embrittlement in nickel is due to the formation and growth of micro-cracks along grain boundaries by the reduction of oxide and the effect of residual hydrogen accumulated along them.View full abstractDownload PDF (374K) -
Satoru Mito1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 104-108
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGlass nickel sealing in spite of the relatively large difference in expansion coefficient between them is made possible by the process of producing a bubble layer around the nickel wire, which minimizes the strains in the glass and protects the sealed part from cracking. In this experiment two important properties of rickel for glass sealing were examined: Namely, the character of producing bubbles and the wettability of glass to nickel were investigated by measuring the bubble size produced on the sealed part and the contact area of glass spread on the nickel plate in heating at various temperatures. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The wettability of glass to nickel depends on the surface condition of the metal. The mechanically polished specimen was very wettable. (2) In the specimens with several alloying elements added, manganese-added alloy was very wettable, while silicon-added specimen, was hard to be wetted. In the other specimens containing aluminum, chromium and magnesium, no effect of additions on the wettability of glass was observed. (3) The capacity of producing a good bubble layer depends on the melting condition of nickel. The specimen incompletely deoxidized and degassed showed good result, while the fully treated specimens produced no bubble at the part of sealing. (4) The gassy nickel containing relatively much carbon and incompletely degassed in molten state showed remarkable hardening (Hv about 300) by low temperature annealing and good resistance to atmospheric oxidation in heating at 700∼900°C temperature range.View full abstractDownload PDF (435K) -
Renpei Yoda, Heitaro Yoshida, Kiyoshi Mukaidani1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 108-112
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS60%Cr-25%Fe-15%Mo alloy, as base composition was added 2% of Ti, a part of Fe in it was replaced with 10%Co, or subjected to Fe replacement with 10%Co addition of 2% of Ti. The specimens were prepared by air melting in a Tammann furnace, and by air melting or by low pressure melting in a high frequency induction furnace. The effect of the melting atmosphere and the alloys’ composition on the as-cast hardness, the aging hardness, the creep strength, and the microstructures etc, were investigated. In low pressure-melted alloys, the hardness was found to be lower, the deformation ability to be more excellent, and the increase of creep strength by Ti addition to be more remarkable, than in those of air-melted alloys. Then, the hot working was impossible in air-melted alloy of base composition, but was possible in low pressure-melted alloy of base composition. Hot worked alloy was found to [be more excellent in creep strength than cast alloys.View full abstractDownload PDF (602K) -
Sanji Nishimura, Jhoichiro Moriyama, Isao Kushima1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 112-116
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe behaviors of Sn and Ti in liquid-liquid solvent extraction of Nb and Ta were already reported. In this report, the behavior of Fe in liquid-liquid solvent extraction of Nb and Ta by using a organic solvent, hexone, was studied in the four systems, HF-HNO3-hexone, HF-HCl-hexone, HF-H2SO4-hexone, and HF-hexone in which seven organic solvents besides hexone were used. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: (1) By measuring the individual distribution coefficients of Fe, Ta and Nb in the extractive systems, it was found that Fe can be separated sufficiently from Nb and Ta. (2) The extractability of Fe increases with an increase of mineral acid concentration in a constant HF acidity and rapidly increases from 2.24N HCl in HF-HCl-hexone system and from 10.6N H2SO4 in HF-H2SO4-hexone system, but more gradually with increasing HNO3 concentration or HF concentration in HF-HNO3-hexone system and HF-hexone system. (3) In the constant high HF acidity, 12.75N, the extractivity of Fe decreases, as in the case of the behaviors of Sn and Ti in the following order: HF-HCl system>HF-H2SO4 system>HF-HNO3 system. Therefore, HF-HNO3-hexone system is the best system in respect of the purity of the organic extract. (4) HF-hexone system is generally less extractable of Fe than other HF-mineral acid-hexone systems, but HF-H2SO4 below 1.5N H2SO4 and HF-HNO3 below 4.2N HNO3, in which HF acidity is 12.75N have less extractability of Fe than 12.75N HF hexone system and have, more over, larger coextraction efficiency of Nb and Ta than HF-hexone system. (5) Judging from Fe distribution coefficient in HF-hexone system, good organic solvents are tributyl phosphate, octyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohl, methyl isobutyl ketone, and mesityl oxide while poor solvents are butyl alcohol, ethyl acetoacetate, and methyl ethyl ketone. In both alcohol and ketone groups, the extraction efficiency of organic extract and Fe distribution coefficient decrease with an increase of molecular weight of organic solvent, and a decrease of dielectric constant. By comparing mesityl oxide with methyl isobutyl ketone it might be said that the presence of double bond structure causes the increase of Fe distribution coefficients and of extraction efficiency of organic extract.View full abstractDownload PDF (372K) -
Hiromu Tanimura, Kiichi Taniguchi1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 116-120
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mechanical properties of gray cast irons were examined, where the structure of matrix is kept constant and the form of graphite is variable. Three groups of cast-iron specimens were prepared, having (1) uniformly distributed flaky graphite (2) eutectic form of graphite in cellular distribution (3) and the mixed type of the two mentioned above. Tensile tests with precise elongation measurement and Charpy impact test were carried out. The influence of the form of graphite on the mechanical properties of cast iron was discussed considering two main factors: decrease of the effective area of matrix and stress concentration on the notch of graphite structure. As the result, the following facts were made clear: (1) Gray cast iron, having uniformly distributed flaky graphite, has higher elongation. When the carbon content is proper, iron of this group is tough. (2) Gray cast iron, having the eutectic form of graphite in cellular distribution, shows low elongation. The tensile strength of the iron of this group is comparatively high. Eventually, iron of this group is very brittle. (3) Gray cast iron, having the mixed form of graphite, has low elongation and low tensile strength. Iron of this group is weak and brittle.View full abstractDownload PDF (586K) -
Masazô Okamoto, Takeshi Naitô1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 120-124
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe alloying limit of nitrogen in both high Cr-Fe alloys and 20%Cr steels has been determined in the case of air melting, and the result has been discussed. Solidification behaviors of some melts and the effect of nitrogen addition on the properties of the sound ingots containing 20%Cr have also been investigated. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The experimental formula [Cr]=32.9log[N]+42.5 holds good on the alloying limit of nitrogen in Fe-Cr-N alloys in the range from 10%Cr to 40%Cr. (2) The maximum amount of nitrogen-addition which insures the soundness of small cast ingots containing 20%Cr is 0.28%N at 0.6%C, 0.23%N at 8%Mn, and 0.48%N at 0.6%C plus 8%Mn, respectively. The alloying limit of nitrogen increases considerably with increasing carbon content of 20%Cr-8%Mn alloys. While, it is decreased slightly with increasing nickel-addition. (3) The nitrogen content at the alloying limit does not always mean the simple solid solubility of nitrogen; besides iron-solid-solutions, nitride also appears in high Cr alloys. (4) With increasing nitrogen content, the primary crystallization temperatures of molten alloys containing 20%Cr are lowered, and the fluidity of is improved. (5) The hardness of the alloys increases with increasing nitrogen. While, the intensity of magnetization is decreased due to the tendency to form austenite in the solidified alloys by the nitrogen addition.View full abstractDownload PDF (561K) -
Kazuo Tsuya, Noriyoshi Aritomi1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 124-128
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe object of this experiment is to investigate the electron-beam melting techniques and to study the properties of electron beam melted metals. The specification of the furnace used in this experiment is similar to that constructed by N.R.C. The operating conditions are as follows: Accelerating voltage, 10,000 V; electron beam current, 300∼750 mA; pressure, about 10−5 mmHg; inside dimension of water-cooled copper boat, 15×15×200 mm. Tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, niobium, zirconium, etc. were successfully melted in this furnace. The extent of purification depends on the metal being melted. For instance, electron-beam melted tantalum is very ductile and is cold-rolled to total reduction of about 99% without annealing. On the other hand, tungsten or molybdenum ingots purified by this technique are apt to break at grain boundaries.View full abstractDownload PDF (538K) -
Masayoshi Kanno, S. Kokubo1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 128-131
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSpectrophotometric method for determining zirconium in uranium was developed. The coloured reaction product of zirconyl ions and alizarin sulphonate has maximum absorbancy at the wave length of 52 mμ, and is stable in HCl solution. The interference by uranium complex with alizarin S can be eliminated by oxidizing U4+ ion to UO22+ ion with hydrogen peroxide solution. Ten parts in weight of alizarin S was required for one part of Zr, and the coloration time required was 60 min. The concentration of HCl does not affect the determination at 0.1∼0.5 N. Up to 15 mg Zn2+, 40 mg Mg+, 100 mg Na+, 100 mg K+, 1 mg Fe3+, and 5 mg Al3+ do not interfere the determination of zirconium. By this procedure, satisfactory results were obtained to determine the Zr content of vacuum melt and cast U-Zr alloys.View full abstractDownload PDF (232K) -
Akira Tokuda1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 131-135
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this first report about a series of studies of the cause for reversible deflection of turbine shafts and generator-rotor shafts appearing in heat-indication tests, the author examined the influences of heat treatment on the thermal expansion coefficient and carbides of 1%Cr-1%Mo-V steel which has been found more subjective to reversible bending than low alloy steels containing nickel. 1%Cr-1%Mo-V steel shows the second hardening at the tempered parameter of 17,500, accompanying the precipitation of VC and Mo2C; however, the structure of actual shaft forgings is quite stable because they are tempered at higher parameter than that of the second hardening. To study the relation between the change of carbides and heat treatment, electrolytic isolation, X-ray diffraction, extraction replica, electron diffraction of selected area and other means are used. As for the tested steel, M3C is formed chiefly in its tempered martensite and tempered bainite, and M23C6 in tempered pearlite. No change owing to tempering or re-heating for 100 hours at 650° or 700° was observed in these carbides. The thermal expansion coefficient of M3C and M23C6 are 12×10−6 and 20×10−6 (mean values from room temperature to 400°), respectively, which were calculated by means of high temperature X-ray diffraction patterns, using the method of least squares. The thermal expansion coefficient of 1%Cr-1%Mo-V steel was changed by heat treatment from 11.6×10−6 to 12.2×10−6 (mean values frqm 20° to 70°), but this difference cannot be referred to the difference of the carbides and the properties of the matrix should be taken into consideration accordingly.View full abstractDownload PDF (519K) -
Yasuo Omori, Koji Sanbongi1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 136-139
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOur previous reports treated the determination of activity of SiO2 and Al2O3 in the slag of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 system using the e.m.f method of double cell. In this study, the authors investigated the effect of MgO on the activity of SiO2 and Al2O3. From the experimental results, at constant Al2O3, the activity coefficient of SiO2 γSiO2 was found to increase as more MgO was substituted for CaO increase. With the addition of MgO, the slag system approaches the Raoult’s law. At constant MgO series, the amphoteric nature of Al2O3 was confermed as in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 system. Concerning the effect of MgO on the activity of Al2O3, an intimate relation exists between aAl2O3 and basicity. Chosing the basicity NCaO+MgO⁄NSiO2, the relationship between logaAl2O3 and the basicity correspond to the results obtained in the slag of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 system. The above facts indicate the behaviour of MgO to act as base.View full abstractDownload PDF (291K) -
Yasuo Omori, Koji Sanbongi1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 139-143
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOur previous reports described the results of determination of the activity of SiO2 and Al2O3 in the slag of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 system using the e.m.f method of double cell. As it is difficult to construct the cell with reversible calcium electrode at high temperature, the authors tried to determine the activity of CaO with solid lime at 1630° as the standard using Gibbs-Duhem equation. At first, the activity of CaO on the system CaO-Al2O3 was determined. Then the same calculation was extended to CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 and CaO-SiO2 systems. From these value, the iso-activity lines were drawn on the ternary coordinates of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3. The course of iso-aCaO line was similiar to the so-called sulphur capacity lines. From the activity-composition diagram on the system CaO-SiO2, aCaO saturated with 2CaO.SiO2 was given as 0.25.View full abstractDownload PDF (324K) -
Kaizo Monma, Hajime Suto1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 143-147
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe theoretical formulas of surface tension deduced by the authors in the previous paper have been checked with data for metallic melts, for example, Cu-Ni, Ni-Mo, Cu-Cu2S, Cu-Cu2O, Cu-Cu2Se, Cu-Cu2Te and Fe (carbon saturated) -FeS systems. The agreement was good for all examples.View full abstractDownload PDF (401K) -
Toshio Ishikawa, Hiroshi Tagawa, Akira Ishikawa1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 147-151
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe corrosion resistance is one of the important factors of storage-battery anode-grid that determines the life of the battery itself. Up to this time, the corrosion resistance of grid has been estimated by measuring the absolute weight decrease due to corrosion within a specified period from the beginning, but such a test method is known to give unsatisfactory result because of the poor reproducibility of the values obtained. Therefore, the present study has been contemplated to find a better test method to be utilized conveniently. As a consequence, the corrosion was found to be influenced by various conditions namely, the structure or the surface conditions of the specimen, etc. at its initial stage and the situation was found to vary even in the repeated tests on the specimens of the same composition. The reproducibility of the results, therefore, is not good if the absolute value of weight change is to be compared as has been customally done. A new method of evaluation of the corrosion resistance by comparing the corrosion rate after its progress has become stationary has been presented. When the life of the battery is to be determined mostly by the corrosion of its grid, the life cycle values calculated from the test results by this new method of evaluation has been found coincide fairly well with the actually measured values in the life test of the battery.View full abstractDownload PDF (500K) -
Taichi Kamijo, Kazuma Yamamoto1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 151-155
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to test the oriented growth and the oriented nucleation theories of the origin of the cube texture, the orientation relationship between the rolling texture and the annealing texture of a tough-pitch copper strip was examined after secondary rolling at right angle to the primary rolling direction. At low secondary reduction, while shifting of the main component of the rolling texture was hardly abserved, the pole figure for the annealing texture showed that the (200) maxima in the secondary rolling direction were much decreased in intensity and the cube texture might be accounted for by spread from the (001) [100] orientation corresponding to the rotation around the [100] axis parallel to the primary rolling direction. At high secondary reduction, though the main component of the rolling texture was deviated considerably from the (2911) [\bar9\bar45] orientation, the pole figure for the annealing texture was composed mainly of the fairly sharp cube orientation. Such behavior will be difficult to explain in the terms of the oriented growth theory at least.View full abstractDownload PDF (437K) -
Hideo Sugawara, Saburo Shimodaira1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 155-159
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis investigation has been made on reduction catalysts which are capable of extracting metallic powders from leaching solutions hydrogen reduction at high pressures. The specimens were made from Ni-Al, Ni-Cu-Al, Ni-Fe-Al, Ni-Zn, Cu-Al, Fe-Al alloys and aluminized Ni. The alloys were activated in 20%NaOH solution and their catalytic activity were compared on hydrogen consumption by aceton method. The summarized results were as follows; (1) Order of activity on hydrogen consumption; Ni-Al>Fe-Al>Cu-Al, (2) 40 to 50%Ni-Al alloys were superior to others, (3) Vanadium was successfully extracted as lower oxide precipitation by H2 in the presence of activated 40%Ni-60%Al alloy catalyst.View full abstractDownload PDF (352K) -
Harue Wada, Tunezo Saito1961 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 159-163
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe interaction parameters of alloying elements in molten iron were calculated statistico-thermodynamically by using relatively simple models. The interaction parameter εO(B) between a substitutional solute B and a substitutional solute C is given as follows:
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and that between a substitutional solute B and a interstitial solute C is given by
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The interchange energy W in the above equations was estimated from the following modified Mott’s equation:
(This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.)
where δA and δB are the solubility parameters, XA and XB are the electronegativities of the two pure components respectively, VM is the molar volume of mixture, and \barn is the appropriate number of AB bonds in the mixture. The values of the interaction parameters thus calculated were compared with those determined experimentally in Fe-Cr-X, Fe-Ni-X, Fe-C-X and Fe-S-X systems, and reasonable agreements were obtained.View full abstractDownload PDF (373K)
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