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Volume 34, Issue 9
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Eiji Niki, Kazuo Masato1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 879-883
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe systems Ni-Ti-C, Ni-V-C, Ni-Zr-C, Ni-Nb-C, Ni-Mo-C, Ni-Ta-C, and Ni-W-C were studied by means of gas carburization and electron probe microanalysis in the nickel-rich portion. The solubility of carbon and each carbide-forming element in nickel at 1100°C were determined as follows : ([A] is the atomic percent of A.)
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The hardness of the carburized alloy was measured by a micro-hardness tester. The result showed that the increase in hardness was negligibly small with the carburization. It was thought that the hardening of the matrix itself is necessary for the hardness of the carburized layer under such a condition of carbide-dispersion as in the present work.View full abstractDownload PDF (1452K) -
Hiroshi Kimura, Tatsumasa Izumi, Takehiro Dan, Toshio Shimoo, Masao Ka ...1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 884-887
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe modified “Dumas-Pregel method” for the determination of total nitrogen in slags, which is a simple and rapid method compared to the ordinary one, is recommended in this paper.
The nitrogen contents in the carbon-saturated synthetic slags of CaO-Al2O3, CaO-SiO2 and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 systems were determined by the “Combustion method” and the “Kjeldahl method”
The results obtained are as follows:
(1) By the addition of an oxidizer to slag sample, the total nitrogen can be completely extracted regardless of the bonding states of nitrogen in slags.
(2) The oxidizer consisting mainly of CuO is most suitable for the proposed method.View full abstractDownload PDF (1302K) -
Tsugio Ogura, Seiichi Karashima1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 888-891
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to make clear a roll of substructure in the propagation of a fatigue crack, relation between the rate of fatigue crack propagation and the characteristics of substructure formed at the tip of a fatigue crack was investigated.
The smaller the volume of subgrains and the misorientation, or the larger the disorientation and the total misorientation, the larger becomes the rate of fatigue crack propagation. The rate of fatigue crack propagation was proved to be affected also by fatigue stress independently of the characteristics of substructure. The results described above can be explained qualitatively by the void coalescence mechanism for fatigue crack propagation suggested by the present authors.
The size of plastic zone, Zp, determined by X-ray observations was found to be related to the rate of fatigue crack propagation, dl⁄dN, by
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where A is a constant, and m is the exponent of about 2. The relation is the same as that deduced from the macroscopic point of view.View full abstractDownload PDF (1218K) -
Toshinari Hirayama, Masahiko Ogirima1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 892-896
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to investigate the influence of the amount of martensite and the chemical composition on the fatigue strength of cold rolled Fe-Cr-Ni stainless steels, saturation flux densities were measured to estimate the amount of martensite and bending fatigue tests were carried out. In these measurements 75% cold rolled stainless steel sheets with 4∼12%Ni and 17∼21%Cr (16.5∼29%Ni equivalent) were used as the specimens. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
(1) In the fatigue strength, the strain-induced martensite structure is highest, the athermal martensite structure is not so high as the former, and the least high fatigue strength belongs to the austenite structure.
(2) The fatigue strength of the martensite structure is remarkably lowered by a mixed austenite structure; especially athermal martensite is sensitive to the presence of the other phases. It seems that the marked variation in fatigue strength of Fe-Cr-Ni stainless steel is due largely to the coexistence of these three structures, namely, strain-induced martensite, athermal martensite and austenite.
(3) The fatigue strength of 75% cold-rolled stainless steel varies according to the chemical composition. Over 23%Ni equivalent the fatigue strength is comparatively low owing to the large amount of austenite. In the range of Ni equivalent from 18% to 23%, especially at about 20%, the upper limit of the fatigue strength is high because of the large amount of strain-induced martensite, but the fatigue strength is subject to the influence of retained austenite and its variation is remarkable, under 17%Ni equivalent the fatigue strength takes an intermediate value between strain-induced martensite and austenite as the structure is approximately 100% athermal martensite.View full abstractDownload PDF (1981K) -
Yasunori Tanji, Yûki Shirakawa1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 897-901
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe thermal expansion coefficient α was measured at temperatures T from 800°C to −100°C for Fe-Mn (fcc) alloys in the composition range of 30∼50%Mn. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The α-T curves of Fe-Mn alloys are similar to that of the Invar alloy in the Fe-Ni system. But the value of α is larger than that of the Invar alloy and 10.5×10−6/°C at 0°C for 30%Mn-Fe alloy. (2) The thermal expansion coefficient in the paramagnetic state, αp, shows a maximum on the Mn rich-side in the composition curve. The maximum position moves to the Fe rich-side with decreasing temperature. (3) It has been pointed out that the interpretation of the Invar properties by the Bethe-Slater curve is inappropriate, and newly the curves on the relation between exchange energy, J, and atomic number, Z, is proposed. (4) Volume magnetostoriction ωs obtained from the α-T curve shows a maximum of 42×10−6 near about 35%Mn in the composition curve, which decreases with increasing Mn content. This composition dependence of ωs may be interpriated by the J-Z curves.View full abstractDownload PDF (1898K) -
Hiroyasu Mitani, Masaru Yokota1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 902-907
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOne of the authers(1) has already reported that the Cu-Al binary mixed powder compacts with different Al-contents were always expanded considerably by the exothermic reaction just above the eutectic temperature of 548°C on heating in the atmosphere of hydrogen.
However, exact measurement of the abnormal expansion and the heat of evolution could not be carried out in the above experiment by the gas-flow of hydrogen.
From this point of view we studied especially the vacuum sintering process of Cu-Al binary mixed powder compacts with different contents between 4 and 46.5 wt%Al in the present experiment, and the following results were obtained.
(1) The abnormal expansion and the heat of evolution increased with increasing Al content up to 17 wt%, beyond which they decreased. The mixed powder compact with 17 wt%Al corresponded to the composition of γ2(Cu9Al4)-phase.
(2) The calculated heat of evolution which was obtained on the assumption that the exothermic reaction just above the eutectic temperature of 548°C resulted from the heat of γ2-formation, was in good agreement with the measured one which was obtained from the thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction data.
Accordingly, it was confirmed from the above results that the abnormal expansion accompanied by the exothermic reaction just above the eutectic temperature of 548°C originated in the formation of γ2-phase.View full abstractDownload PDF (2359K) -
Hiroyasu Mitani, Masaru Yokota1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 908-912
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous work(1) the sintering process of Cu-Al binary mixed powder compacts with different Al contents were studied systematically by using mixed powder compacts which were compacted at a constant pressure of 2 t/cm2.
However, in this work the influence of compacting pressure on the sintering process were examined by using Cu-10 wt%Al binary mixed powder compacts which were compacted at different pressures between 1 t/cm2 and 6 t/cm2, and the following results were obtained.
(1) Slight exothermic reaction and expansion were detected before the appearance of abnormal expansion in the mixed powder compacts which were compacted more than 4 t/cm2. In this case, the starting temperature of them fell down gradually with the increase in preliminary compacting pressure, corresponding to the formation of thin films of double rimmed layers composed of the γ2- and θ-phases along the interfaces of Cu- and Al-particles.
(2) The total amount of the abnormal expansion and the temperature increment above the eutectic temperature of 548°C(1) were almost independent of the preliminary compacting pressure. However, the temperature increment per unit time due to the exothermic reaction decreased with the increase in preliminary compacting pressure, where the pre-formed thin films described above disturbed the chemical diffusion between Cu- and Al-particles.View full abstractDownload PDF (2342K) -
Taichi Kamijo, Kazuyoshi Sekine1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 913-915
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe texture development in sintered copper powder plates with random orientation was investigated by rolling at room temperature and the liquid nitrogen temperature. The textures of materials rolled 50 pct at either temperature were characterized by two intensity maxma in the neighborhood of the rolling direction and the region about 30° from the sheet normal in the (111) pole figures.
The rolling texture of the material rolled 90 pct at −196°C was similar to the pure-metal type rolling texture, since the high intensity maximum near the center of the (111) pole figure was still unsplit. However, the alloy type rolling texture was developed in the material rolled 97.5 pct at −196°C.
These textural changes can be explained theoretically in terms of slip rotation under the plane strain condition.View full abstractDownload PDF (1175K) -
Taichi Kamijo, Kazuyoshi Sekine1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 916-919
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe development of the rolling texture in 70-30 brass with nearly random initial orientation was investigated by determining (111) and (110) pole figures. In the material rolled 50 pct, an intermediate rolling texture was formed, characterized by two intensity maxima in the neighborhood of the rolling direction and the region about 30° from the sheet normal in the (111) pole figure. The typical (111) pole figure for the alloy type rolling texture was developed in the material rolled 95 pct. In the (110) pole figures for the rolling texture of the material rolled 62 to 95 pct, the considerably higher intensity maxima were observed in the region about 60°C from the sheet normal toward the rolling direction than those corresponding to the other five (110) poles in the (011)[\bar2\bar11] orientation. The orientation change from (112)[\bar1\bar11] toward (011)[\bar2\bar11] by double slip on systems having the highest resolved shear stress can be represented as the rotation about the [110] axis inclined about 60° from the rolling plane normal toward the rolling direction. Consequently, it can be concluded that the normal slip rotation from the (112)[\bar1\bar11] component contained in an intermediate rolling texture toward the (011)[\bar2\bar11] orientation contributes to the formation of the alloy type rolling texture in 70-30 brass.View full abstractDownload PDF (1222K) -
Manabu Tamura, Tsutomu Mori, Tadahisa Nakamura1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 919-925
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn X-ray and electron microscopic study on an aged Al-3%Li alloy, containing ordered precipitates, Al3Li, was performed. For the X-ray experiment, single crystals were used. The volume fraction of Al3Li, lattice constant of constrained Al3Li and average lattice constant of the aged alloy were determined from (300) and (400) reflections with their integrated intensities. From analyses of these data with elasticity theory it was found that the misfit parameter of Al3Li is −0.3% and the lattice constant of unconstrained Al3Li is 4.038(3) Å. The diameter of Al3Li was determined directly from electron micrographs. It was found that in the later stage of aging at 200°C, the growth of Al3Li can be described as Ostwald ripening. Interfacial energy between the Al3Li particle and the matrix was determined to be 180 erg/cm2 by using Lifshitz-Wagner’s formula. The antiphase boundary energy on the (111) plane of Al3Li was determined as 195 erg/cm2 by observing the equilibrium separation distance of super dislocations. This value led to a high critical temperature of oder-disorder transition of Al3Li, i.e. 537°C. This conclusion was also supported from the X-ray observation that even in an as-quenched alloy after solution treatment at 550°C for 3 hr, weak super reflection of Al3Li was detected.View full abstractDownload PDF (2326K) -
Akira Suzuki, Yutaka Nagaoka1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 925-929
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of the carbon content on the secondary dendrite arm spacing in Fe-C alloys has been investigated. In the case of a constant cooling rate during solidification, it has been shown that the arm spacing is independent of the carbon content under 1.8%C, and that it decreases with increasing carbon content in the range of 1.8∼3.8%C. And the experiment on isothermal holding in the freezing range during solidification has shown that the effect of holding temperature on the arm spacing can be neglected.
These results have been discussed on the basis of the “coarsening” model proposed by Kattamis et al.. It is found that the results can be explained well by this model, and that the decrease of the arm spacing above 1.8%C arises from the large contribution of ΔT⁄C (ΔT: freezing range, C: concentration).
A similar analysis has been performed on the experimental data of Al-Cu alloys in the published papers, and it has been shown that the data agree well with the relationship predicted by the model.View full abstractDownload PDF (1238K) -
Riei Ichikawa, Teruo Ohashi, Tetsuyuki Ikeda1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 929-935
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn investigation was made on supercooling phenomena in Al-Cr, Al-Mn and Al-Zr binary alloys, which have a strong tendency to form metastable solid solutions by rapid cooling of these molten alloys, by means of an improved technique of thermal analysis and microscopic observation. The results obtained were as follows:
(1) The square of the degree of supercooling was proportional to cooling rate in the solidification of the alloys of which the solute concentration was less than the maximum solid solubility (Ce) at the equilibrium state. In case of solute concentration more than Ce, this relation was satisfied under the conditions in which the primary crystals were metastable solid solutions.
(2) The minimum cooling rate to form the metastable solid solutions containing solute atoms above Ce increased a in the following sequence: 120°C/sec for Al-Mn, 180°C/sec for Al-Cr and 190°C/sec for Al-Zr alloys, and when the cooling rate exceeded each minimum value the concentration of supersaturatedly dissolved solute and supercooling rose with cooling rate.
(3) A phase relation which gives the primary crystallization ranges of the metastable solid solutions (C>Ce), solid solutions (C<Ce), intermetallic compounds and pure solvent can be expressed by the three factors: composition (C), cooling rate (v) and supercooling (ΔT), that is, by C-v-ΔT non-equilibrium phase diagram.
(4) A relation between supercooling (ΔT) and dendrite spacing (λ in μ) can be shown by
logλ=2nlogΔT+A, where n=0.32 and A is a constant.View full abstractDownload PDF (2939K) -
Ryo Horiuchi, Yasuhide Minonishi1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 936-943
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe ageing process of a binary Al-Cu and ternary Al-Cu-Mg alloys was investigated by the resistometric method. The characteristics of the process in the ternary alloys are summarized as follows:
(1) In ternary alloys with Cu:Mg atomic ratio of 1:1, G.P.B. zones are formed with higher density but at lower rate of growth than G.P.(1) zones in a binary Al-Cu alloy. G.P.B. zones are thermally more stable than G.P.(1) zones.
(2) The activation energy of pre-precipitation in a binary Al-Cu and ternary Al-Cu-Mg alloys was determined to be 0.60±0.05 eV and 0.67±0.05 eV, respectively. Hence the formation of G.P. zones is thought to be controlled by the enhanced diffusion of solute atoms by the quenched-in vacancies in ternary alloys as well as in a binary alloy.
(3) On the specimens quenched from 520°C and aged at room temperature, dislocation loops of an average diameter of about 1000 Å were observed by electron microscopy and their density was 1014/cc. The growth of loops occurred for the first 6 hr when aged at 30°C but no further growth was observed. Concentration of quenched-in vacancies necessary for forming these loops were estimated to be 4×10−4.
(4) In ternary alloys the rate of zone growth increased with ageing time at room temperature, whereas it decreased monotonically in a binary Al-Cu alloy.View full abstractDownload PDF (2578K) -
Takeshi Nagai, Zenzo Henmi1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 943-948
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNew permalloy was developed by adding Nb and Ag to permalloy (Fe-78.5%Ni alloy). After heat treatment the material has a low Hc and a high Br⁄Bm. Although magnetic domain wall migration is impeded by deformation strain in a cold worked Nb-Ag permalloy, after recovery or recrystallization the material is saturated by low induction and then Hc decrease. The rolling texture in Nb-Ag permalloy upon annealing is retained by Nb and Ag and consequently Br⁄Bm becomes high in Nb-Ag permalloy.View full abstractDownload PDF (1607K) -
Shoichi Tokuda, Hiromichi Kawahara, Mitsuo Taniguchi, Yoshikatsu Tsumo ...1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 949-957
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to make clear the formation process, the property and the effect on tensile property of abnormal microstructure formed in hot rolled plates and sheets of α+β titanium alloys, experiment was carried out on Ti-5Al-2Cr-1Fe, Ti-4Al-3Mo-1V, Ti-6Al-4V, and Ti-8Mn alloys. Hot rolling was carried out under various conditions so as to investigate the formation process of the abnormal microstructure observed by optical microscopy, and hardness of that microstructure formed was measured by the microhardness tester.
Concentration of alloying elements at the abnormal microstructure was also measured by means of electron probe microanalyzer. Tensile test was carried out on hot rolled plates and sheets with and without the abnormal microstructure to obtain the effect of the said microstructure. The results are summarized as follows:
(1) The abnormal microstructure in hot rolled plates and sheets is formed, with an elongated shape, by rolling from the abnormal microstructure already existing in slab.
(2) Formation of the abnormal microstructure depends on hot rolling temperature; that is, the temperature around and over β transus makes severe one.
(3) The abnormal microstructure has high hardness and contains more β stabilizing elements compared to its surroundings.
(4) On plates and sheets with the abnormal microstructure, the elongation, especially in the tensile property, decreases singnificantly and also severe anisotropy is detected.View full abstractDownload PDF (4172K) -
Kunio Kusaka, Shotaro Araki, Masaaki Iwamaru1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 957-962
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of austenite grain size on ferrite banding has been investigated. Ferrite bands of annealed steels are largely influenced by the austenite grain size. When the annealing temperature is very high, the microstructure does not show a banded structure due to the diffusion of segregation and the grain growth. On annealing of the mixed grain structure, the region of fine grains is banded, but that of coarse grain is not. When fully annealed, fine grained steels show a banded structure, but coarse grained steels do not. The banded structure is extreamely influenced by the relation between the forging ratio, i.e. the width of segregation zones and the austenite grain size. With increase in grain size of austenite rather than in width of segregation zone, the banded structures are hardly distinguishable, and when reversed, the banded structure has the tendency to be clear. The mechanism of formation of the banded structure is also discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1948K) -
Humihiro Honda, Kichinosuke Hirokawa, Shuro Takeyama, Hidehiro Goto1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 963-968
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInfra-red absorption spectroscopy was applied for structual analysis of silica contained in steels. A probable difference of structure between Si-deoxidation product and silica inclusion which originate from furnace lining or ores are examined: At the first stage of deoxidation, the produced silica contain metallic elements to which 1030 cm−1 shoulder and 950 cm−1 peaks assigned. After 5 minutes of heating at melting temperature of iron, these peaks diminished to approach a cristobalitic structure. Dendritic silica particles in slowly cooled steel showed a characteristic peak at 1030 cm−1. It showed that silica particles formed in cooling process include a larger amount of metallic elements than the spherical deoxidation product. Glassy silica, silicate and quartz added into iron melt show the same IR spectrum as that of the deoxidation product at first stage of reaction, and do not change with duration time at melting temperature of iron. Conclusively, deoxidation product and the exogeneous silica inclusion in steel show a characteristic pattern of IR spectrum but in practical samples with different conditions of steel making, IR spectroscopy may not be effective to distinguish the origin of silica in steels.View full abstractDownload PDF (2120K) -
Hajime Suto, Takeo Yamagata1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 968-972
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe stabilization of retained austenite has been examined by many workers from different points of view. Recently, Kinsman and Shyne have found that the character of stabilization of austenite changes distinctly within the range of aging temperature. In the present work, the behavior of stabilization has been investigated in several nickel steels. Two steps of stabilization have been found during isothermal aging within the temperature range from 50° to 200°C. The activation energies of these processes are about 16 and 28 kcal/mol respectively. These values suggest that the stabilization of the first step occurs within martensite and that of the second step within austenite. The maximum degree of stabilization increases with increasing martensite content and the stabilization in a steel could not be observed without martensite. However, the strained austenitic steel is stabilized by aging, and the behavior is similar to that of second step stabilization. From these results, it may be concluded that the temper-strengthening of martensite surrounding retained austenite is the primary cause of the first step stabilization and the age-hardening in strained austenite is essential to the second step stabilization.View full abstractDownload PDF (1361K) -
Susumu Yoshida, Atsushi Oguchi, Minoru Nobuki1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 973-977
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of high hydrostatic pressure on the flow stress of polycrystals of high-purity copper (OFHC) and tough pitch copper (TPC) has been studied at room temperature to compare the results with those obtained with pure aluminium polycrystals which were already reported by the authors. Pressurizing under pressures up to 15000 kg/cm2, tensile tests at atmospheric pressure and under 12000 kg/cm2 using the differential pressure method, and tensile tests under a constant hydrostatic pressure of 12000 kg/cm2 have been carried out. Results obtained are as follows: (1) Pressurizing up to 15000 kg/cm2 shows no effect on the flow stress of OFHC copper at atmospheric pressure. As for TPC, on the other hand, a remarkable increase of flow stress at atmospheric pressure is observed at the beginning of deformation after pressurizing under 12000 kg/cm2. The rate of the increase falls rapidly with increasing strain and becomes almost zero at about 40% strain. The repeated pressurizing during tensile testing has no different effect from that due to the pressurizing applied only once before deformation. (2) The change of flow stress observed by the differential pressure method for the pressure difference between atmospheric pressure and 12000 kg/cm2 is about 2.2% for OFHC copper and about 2.6% for TPC. The rate of change for OFHC copper agrees with that of shear modulus of copper measured by Lazarus. (3) Tensile tests under a constant pressure of 12000 kg/cm2 show that the flow stress for OFHC copper increases about 2% at the beginning of the deformation and about 5.5% above about 15% strain as compared with that at atmospheric pressure. For TPC, the rate of change in the flow stress is approximately expressed as the sum of the rate measured for OFHC copper and that due to the effect of pressurizing for TPC.View full abstractDownload PDF (1590K) -
Hideo Takei, Keijiro Nakasa, Tomoaki Koshio1970 Volume 34 Issue 9 Pages 977-982
Published: 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis investigation deals with the tensile properties and the fracture toughness obtained by dynamic or static strain aging of the ausformed or the conventionally heat treated steel containing 9%W-2.5%Cr. The results obtained are as follows:
(1) The ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength of the conventionally heat treated steel are increased by the dynamic strain aging, but the fracture toughness and the elongation are decreased.
(2) The ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength of the ausformed steel are considerably increased without any decrease of the fracture toughness by the dynamic strain aging, but the elongation is decreased.
(3) The pretempering prior to dynamic strain aging decreases the fracture toughness and the elongation of both steels.
(4) The maximum strength of both steels are obtained by the dynamic strain aging at about 300°C.
(5) The best combination of the tensile properties and the fracture toughness of both steels is obtained by the post tempering at about 500°C.
(6) In the case of the conventionally heat treated steel which was not subjected to pretempering, the fracture toughness and the elongation of the dynamic strain aged steel are larger than those of the static strain aged steel. In the case of the ausformed steel, no significant difference between the static and dynamic strain aging treatments can be found.View full abstractDownload PDF (1530K)
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