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Volume 25, Issue 7
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Hideo Osawa1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 433-436
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mechanism of the ferrite banding in low carbon steels has not been known clearly. The author researched behaviours of the ferrite band, particularly in “sandwich plate” in which C steel and alloy steel are put one on another, like sandwich. It was known that the ferrite band was produced by segregations of some elements, for example P, Sn, Ni, Cr and Mn, and Ar3 of the parts of ferrite banding was higher than the parts of pearlite banding.View full abstractDownload PDF (660K) -
Mikio Yamamoto, Ryôfu Miyasawa1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 437-441
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe magnetization curve, the ballistic demagnetization factor (as defined with respect to the break point of the descending hystress curve), N, and the domain distribution were studied at ordinary temperatures, using the ballistic method, with single crystal and polycrystal rods of iron containing 0.53%Al and 0.018%C in thermally demagnetized (TD) state and in alternating-current demagnetized (AD) state. From comparison of the magnetization curves in TD and AD states, it has been found that, in both of single crystal and polycrystal specimens and irrespective of crystal orientation, NTD>NAD>Na, where Na is Shuddemagen’s demagnetization factor. This fact suggests that the domain distributions in TD and AD states are different in such a way that, in TD state, the volume of domains magnetized along the direction of easy magnetization far from the rod axis of the specimen is larger than that of domains magnetized along the direction of easy magnetization near the rod axis. This may be interpreted by the idea that TD and AD induce additional small uniaxial magnetic anisotropies with positive and negative anisotropy constants, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (438K) -
Mikio Yamamoto, Ryôfu Miyasawa1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 441-445
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants, K1 and K2 as well as K0, the saturation magnetic field, Hs, and the residual magnetization (as the magnetization at the break point of the descending hysteresis curve), Ik, have been studied at ordinary temperatures, using the ballistic method, with single crystal and polycrystal rods of iron containing 0.53%Al in thermally demagnetized (TD) state and in alternating-current demagnetized (AD) state. The results of the measurements and the conclusions obtained are as follows: In both of single crystals and polycrystal, irrespective of crystal orientation, ATD>AAD (A=∫0ISHdI) and (HS)TD>(HS)AD. In single crystals, (HS[110]−HS[100])TD>(HS[110]−HS[100])AD,(HS[110]−HS[111])TD>(HS[110]−HS[111])AD, and (Ik)TD<(Ik)AD<Is⁄∑\limitsi=13βi (Kaya’s rule), where β′is (i=1, 2, 3) are the direction cosines of the rod axis of a single crystal specimen, and, irrespective of the method of demagnetization, HS[110]>HS[111]>HS[100]. Further, (K0)TD>(K0)AD and (K1)TD>(K1)TD. These may be explained by an idea of small uniaxial ferromagnetic anisotropies with negative and positive anisotropy constants induced, respectively, by TD and AD. Moreover, (K2)AD<K2)AD and, irrespective of the method of demagnetization, 3⁄2>K2⁄K1>−3, (HS)poly>(HS)single, and (Ik)poly>IS⁄∑\limitsiβi. The observed relations between polycrystal and single crystal data may be interpreted in terms of the magnetic interaction between crystal grains. Furthermore, the formula K1=αIs(Hs)poly, where α=1⁄3∼1/4, holds for cubic polycrystalline ferromagnetics.View full abstractDownload PDF (382K) -
Mikio Yamamoto, Ryôfu Miyasawa1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 446-448
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe coercive force, Hc, have been studied at orinary temperatures, using the ballistic method, with single crystal and polycrystal rods of iron containing 0.53%Al in thermally demagnetized (TD) state and in alternating-current demagnetized (AD) state. It has been found that, in both of single crystals and polycrystal, irrespective of crystal orientation, (Hc)TD=(Hc)AD and, irrespective of the method of demagnetization, Hc[100]<Hc[110]<Hc[111], and (Hc)poly>(Hc)single. For both TD and AD states, the observed anisotropy of Hc is expressed well by the formula Hc=Hc[100](∑iβi⁄∑iβ3i) β1, β2, and β3 are the direction cosines of the rod axis of a single crystal specimen), which is derived from Kondorsky-Vonsovsky’s theory for the case where the assembly of 180° domains is present and Kaya’s rule for the residual magnetization holds. The observed relation between polycrystal and single crystal data may be interpreted in terms of the magnetic interaction between crystal grains.View full abstractDownload PDF (258K) -
Koichi Sugimoto, Masao Ibaraki1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 448-452
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in internal friction and Young’s modulus with the graphitization of malleable cast iron were investigated. The effects of strain-amplitude, the structures of the matrix, the content of graphite, the size and the shape of the graphite nodules were described and discussed. In the as-cast state internal friction was quite low and no amplitude dependence was observed for strains of less than 10−5, while the Young’s modulus was comparatively high. As the specimens, however, were heated to graphitize, internal friction became higher and reached a final value at the end of the graphitization. On the contrary the Young’s modulus decreased by a considerable amount with the graphitization. In the graphitized state the internal friction showed a well-defined amplitude dependence, that is, it increases linearly with the strain-amplitude. By this observation, the cause of internal friction in annealed malleable cast iron is considered to be caused by the magneto-mechanical static hysteresis in ferrite. The notch effect of graphite nodules may cause a local stress concentration and bring about an increase in static hysteresis.View full abstractDownload PDF (387K) -
Taichi Kamijo, Kazuma Yamamoto1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 453-456
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTough pitch copper strips were rolled successively to 85 pct in the direction of 45° and 70° respectively to the primary rolling direction after being rolled to 75 pct. The presence of sharp (200) maxima in the secondary rolling direction and the transverse direction is strongly suggestive of the formation of the deformed matrix with cube orientation on secondary rolling. While the (111) pole figure for the rolling texture of specimen rolled secondarily in the direction of 45° differed greatly from that of specimen rolled in the direction of 70°, the (200) pole figure for the annealing texture showed a sharp cube texture in both cases. On the basis of these results, it is clear that the origin of the cube texture will be difficult to explain in terms of the oriented growth theory but will be in accord excellently with the principle of the oriented nucleation theory in which the matrix grains with cube orientation are supposed to be first in attaining the strain-free condition on annealing.View full abstractDownload PDF (348K) -
Shigehiro Inoue, Takashi Tsuchiya1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 456-459
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe efect of Al contents on the age-hardening of 70Ni-30Cu alloys has been investigated by Rockwell-and micro-hardness, microscopic and corrosion test. The following results have been obtained. (1) The maximum hardness was obtained by aging at 590°C for 12 hrs and more, or at 640°C for 2∼6 hrs. (2) The alloy containing 3.0∼3.5%Al has been found to be the most age-hardenable. (3) Against boiling in 20 wt%H2SO4, full-and over-aged alloys showed corrosion resistivity superior to that of solution-treated alloys and plain Ni-Cu alloys.View full abstractDownload PDF (399K) -
Shigehiro Inoue, Takashi Tsuchiya1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 459-462
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffect of Ti contents on the age hardening of 70Ni-30Cu alloys has been investigated by hardness, microscopic and corrosion tests. The following results have been obtained. (1) The maximum hardness has been obtained by aging at 640°C for 4∼8 hrs. (2) The alloy containing about 4%Ti has been found to be the most age-hardenable. (3) The lower the Ti contents and the more the aging behaviour becomes apparent, the more the corrosion resistance against boiling in 20 wt%H2SO4 is strengthesed.View full abstractDownload PDF (471K) -
Fumitaka Yoshikawa1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 462-467
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSApplying the tests of differential thermal dilatation, X-ray diffraction, micro-Vicker’s hardness, and micro-structure to the specimens which were cyanided or carbonitrided under various conditions and had variety of carbon and nitrogen concentrations in the cases, the studies were carried out to confirm existence of Fe-C-N ternary eutectoid transformation γ\ ightleftarrowsα+γ′+θ. It was ascertained that the ternary eutectoid temperature is about 540°C during heating.View full abstractDownload PDF (564K) -
Kazuo Tsuya, Noriyoshi Aritomi1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 467-471
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was undertaken to improve the cold ductility of molybdenum ingots by electron-beam melting. The effects of deoxidation on the ductility were evaluated by means of bend tests and fractography, which yielded the following results: (1) In the preliminary tests, it was suggested that addition of carbon was more effective in deoxidation than that of titanium and zirconium. (2) On the basis of the preliminary investigation, further experiments were performed to determine the optimum amount of carbon addition. It was found that addition of 0.04 to 0.08 pct of carbon gave a good ductility at room temperature. (3) Moreover, carbon deoxidation improved the low temperature ductility, too. At −70°C, bend angles of 70° and 30° degrees were obtained for carbon deoxidized molybdenum ingots, as contrasted with commercial recrystallized molybdenum with out any ductirity.View full abstractDownload PDF (516K) -
Takemichi Otsu, Shiro Sato1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 471-475
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn investigation has been made on corrosion of alpha aluminium bronze by high temperature water and steam. The copper alloys containing 7%Al and small amounts of various elements were used as annealed strip. The specimens were set in autoclave and exposed to saturated water and steam at 300°C. After the exposure for 250 hours, determination of weight gain, tensile test, microscopical examination and X-ray analysis of corrosion product were performed. The following results were obtained. (1) The weight gain, the loss in tensile strength and elongation due to intergranular corrosion were determined on all specimens. (2) The corrosion product formed on the specimens was a mixture of metallic copper and Böhmite (α-Al2O3 H2O). This fact shows that the aluminium atoms near the grain boundary were selectively oxidized by high temperature water and steam. (3) Addition of small amount of arsenic or antimony to alloy greatly promotes the corrosion. For example, the penetration depth of intergranular corrosion of Cu-7%Al-0.34%As alloy was more than 250 μ but that of Cu-7%Al alloy was about 30 μ. (4) Tin is the only element which can reduce the rate of intergranular corrosion but it can not inhibit the corrosion completely. (5) Addition of small amount of Mn, P, Ag, Fe, Ni, Si, Ti, Zr, Cr, Zn, Ca and Cd have no appreciable effect on corrosion.View full abstractDownload PDF (367K) -
To-oru Furukawa, Tomo-o Sato1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 475-479
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS17%Cr-7%Ni stainless steel containing 0.93%Al was used for the experiments of acid corrosion resistance after several treatments such as solution treatment at 1050°C, cold rolling to 31∼70% reduction in thickness and then aging at 400∼500°C for 0.5∼500 hr. As corrosion reagents, 10 wt% sulfuric acid (30°C) and 40 wt% nitric acid (boiling) solutions were used. The results obtained were as follows: (1) In 10 wt% sulfuric acid solution, this steel, when aged either long enough or prior to it for obtaining optimum mechanical properties, showed corrosion resistivity as strong as 18-8 stainless steel. Specimens aged under such desirable conditions attained a passive state up to 12 hr or so in the soaking time, and their corrosion resistivity was almost independent of aging condition and cold rolling rate. (2) In 40 wt% boiling nitric acid solution, all specimens attained a passive state. Under suitable conditions, the higher the rolling rate, the better the corrosion resistivity, and the specimen of 70% cold rolling rate showed the corrosion resistivity superior to that of 18-8 stainless steel.View full abstractDownload PDF (395K) -
Tetsuo Kato1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 479-484
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe change of dilatation during aging process in Alnico 5 was observed and discussed. The result was compared with the previous result of the measurement on the temperature dependence of electric resistance and it was found that the result supports the previous conclusion. The outstanding changes observed were that of contraction at 350∼550°C, the great expansion at 550∼650°C and the change of expansion at 700∼800°C; they are changed by the aging condition. Thus, it was concluded that there are two different kinds of transformation mechanism during aging process of Alnico 5. The one occurs during aging process below about 600°C, and may be a transformation something like order-disorder transition. The other is a precipitation which occurs during aging process above 650°C. It seems that the former mai- nly causes the best magnetic properties.View full abstractDownload PDF (479K) -
Koin Ito, Kokichi Sano1961 Volume 25 Issue 7 Pages 484-488
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe apparatus of standard reducibility measurement of iron ore (for grains) by Gakushin was used with addition of a water vapor generator. The used Indian hematite was crushed and sieved to 5∼10 and 9∼28 mesh. The reduction rates of ore were deduced from the decreases of mass of samples by weighing. The measurements were done at the temperature range of 600°C to 900°C with respect to the temperature gradient of the rate of reduction and the relation between reduction rate and produced metallic iron pct., and at 700°C and 900°C to the ralation between the addition of water vapor to reducing gas and the rate of reduction. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The rate of reduction of hematite to magnetite was not affected by the existence of water vapor, as expected from thermodynamic calculations. (2) The rates of the later steps of reduction were decreased considerably as the ratio of partial pressures of water vapor to hydrogen was increased. (3) Particularly, the rate of the last step, the production of metallic iron, is strongly affected, and at 700°C it seemed to be negligibly small in the reducing gas containing about 30 pct water vapor.View full abstractDownload PDF (320K)
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