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Volume 28, Issue 12
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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Shun-ichiro Abe1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 775-780
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe author has carried out torsion impact tests for a carbon tool steel to study the toughness of highly hardened tool steels that are usually hard and poor in ductility in the service condition. According to these tests, it was shown that the curve of relations between the impact value and the tempering temperature has a high peak near 200°C and a deep dip near 250°C in the tempering at temperatures lower than 300°C. In order to more comprehensively investigate these phenomena, static torsion tests were performed and the results were compared with those of the previous torsion impact tests.
As a result, it has been clarified that (1) the tempering temperature producing a peak of the impact value slightly elevates with increase of the austenitizing temperature, (2) that the changes in the impact value are mainly influenced by the change of plastic deformation work defined by dividing the area under torque-twist angle curve, and (3) the toughness of hardened tool steel is significantly affected not only by the tempering temperature but by the tempering time.
Thus it has been decided that the static torsion test as well as the impact torsion test is very effective as a toughness testing method for hardened tool steel in which strength is more essential than ductility.View full abstractDownload PDF (1933K) -
Minoru Konuma1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 781-787
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is a very interesting problem of whether or not the dislocation arrangement having the same effects as those of groups of piled-up dislocations or piled-up dislocations are produced due to straining irrespective of single or polycrystalline copper. With the aim of solving this problem, the author carried out an observation of the etch pits and slip bands, and examined the deformation mechanisms of polycrystalline copper. The observation of the etch pits showed rows of pits which could be consider to be groups of dislocations which piled up against the grain boundaries, and rows of pits which were arranged crystallographically. It is doutful whether the individual etch pit corresponds to the individual dislocation. However, in view of the fact that the slip bands, in general, reach the grain boundaries at the length almost equal to the diameter of the grain, it can be thought that the dislocations pile up against the grain boundaries, and that such a phenomenon play an important role in the strain hardening of polycrystalline copper. The deformation of polycrystalline copper to strain is classified into the following three ranges:
(1) ε<∼0.1%
\ oindentThe range in which dislocations pile up against the grain boundaries.
(2) ∼0.1%<ε<∼1%
\ oindentThe range in which the number of dislocation in rows increase.
(3) ε>∼1%
\ oindentThe range in which multiple slips occur.
Furthermore, cross slip of sliding dislocations caused by the stress field of groups of piled-up dislocations is known to play an important role as the source of dislocations.View full abstractDownload PDF (1789K) -
Hachie Sawamoto, Takeo Oki, Jyun Tanikawa1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 788-794
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe production of high purity metallic chromium by the reduction of chromium trichloride (CrCl3) with metallic aluminium in fused salts (NaCl-KCl-CrCl3 system) was studied at 700°∼900°C. Final product obtained by this method consisted of two or three layers.
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Chromium crystals obtained were in the shape of a needle, plate or dendrite and are 99.99% or more in purity.
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After all, the authors succeeded in producing high purity chromium by means of the aluminium reduction of chromium trichloride in NaCl-KCl fused salts.View full abstractDownload PDF (1654K) -
Imao Tamura, Hirofumi Yoshimura, Masao Ibaraki1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 794-799
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of ausforming on the hardness and the structure on Fe-Cr-C alloys having a comparatively lower stacking fault energy were examined. The results of hardness measurements showed that the ausformed specimens were harder than the non-ausformed, but the increment of hardness decreased with the carbon content. The optical micrographs showed that the ausformed structure had a orientated texture almost in parallel to the rolling direction. The transmission electron micrographs showed the following: (1) In the non-ausformed specimen, stacking faults in the austenite and dislocations in the martensite were observed, and the shape of the martensite was plate-like, and the boundary of martensite plate was {110}α. (2) In the ausformed specimen, a dense distribution of dislocations in the austenite, and numerous dislocations and many twinned regions including many twin faults having the spacing of about 100 Å in the martensite were observed. The boundary of the ausformed martensite plates was bent and kinked.
It can be predicted that the hardening by producing many twinned regions in the ausformed martensite is one of the strengthening causes by ausforming in alloys such as the Fe-Cr-C alloys which have a comparatively lower stacking fault energy and show no twin faults in the martensite in the non-ausformed state.View full abstractDownload PDF (2091K) -
Shigeo Zaima, Susumu Kamo1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 800-804
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith the development of various studies, belyrium-copper has in it the possibilities of a great future as it has good strength compared with a steel, but its machining data are rarely available and the actual conditions for machinability remain unclear. The author investigated the electric discharge machinability of belyrium-copper in the case of the electric discharge drilling and cutting, in order to find the best discharging condition for the drilling of belyrium-copper. In this paper the machinability on the electric discharge drilling is reported as follows:
(1) Belyrium-copper has extremely higher hardness than titanium or mild steel, but its machinability on electric discharge drilling is almost as good as that of brass.
(2) The difference in microscopic structure by workhardening or heat treatment seems no influence the electric discharge machinability.
(3) The drilling time varies by the operating condition, but there exists the most suitable operating current and a good result is obtained with machine oil.
(4) If the drilling time is decreased by increasing the condenser capacity or the source voltage, the machining accuracy seems to deteriorate slightly.View full abstractDownload PDF (1696K) -
Hidehiro Got\={o}, Shiger\={o} Ikeda, Kichinosuke Hirokawa, Mitsuyasu ...1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 804-808
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe oxygen content of steel could be determined by means of a spectrographic method. A d.c. carbon-arc discharge was used to extract the oxygen as carbon nonoxide from the sample. The intensity ratio of O I 7771.9 Å/Ar I 8006.2 Å was a function of the argon pressure in the excitation chamber, current value and the oxygen content. The oxygen concentration in the range from 0.008 to 0.1 weight percent could be determined from a variant coefficient of 7∼12 percent.View full abstractDownload PDF (947K) -
Zenji Nishiyama, Ken’ichi Shimizu, Akio Kamada1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 809-815
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe fine structures of deformation twins in 3%Si-Fe have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction. In the inside of the twins, whose width was generally of the order of several microns, dislocations appeared to be straight and of good directionality in contrast to those in the matrix. The twin boundaries were usually crowded with a number of dislocations. It is the most interesting that there was occasionally found a mid-rib in the twin, as in the martensite crystal. This mid-rib was found to be an extremely thin plate parallel to a {112} twinning plane and composed of tangled dislocations and dislocation loops of high density. In some cases the mid-rib was observed as a small angle boundary. Dislocation pile-ups in the twin were found on the {110} slip planes of the twin. On the twin boundary indentations were frequently found and they had the isosceles triangular shape, two edges of which were allways parallel to the slip planes.
All of the above phenomena are considered to be associated with the formation mechanism of the deformation twin.View full abstractDownload PDF (3444K) -
Ren Obata1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 815-820
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies were made on solidification of wedge-shaped and T-shaped steel castings in sand mould by observing their cooling curves together with pour-out tests.
Experiments were carried out on: (1) three wedge shapes with tapers varying from 1/5 to 1/15. (2) a plate, 200 mm in height, 300 mm in length and 25 mm thick joined to a 100×100×200 mm square bar to form a stub-head T. (3) T-shapes of three different sizes with uniform head-bar dimensions, but their legs are varied both in length and thickness.
The results obtained were as follows.
All measurements were taken at the midheight plane of castings.
(1) For each wedge shape, solidification times at points on the centreline of the wedges were proportional to a square of the thickness except in the vicinity of the thickest end.
(2) In stub-head T, it was found that the zone length in the leg plate from the fillet corner wherein the solidification was retarded by the thermal effect of the heavy head, was equal to the thickness of the leg plate.
(3) Solidification times of various T-shapes were considered to be in two portions, i.e., the joined portion and the plate portion.
The solidification time of each portion was proportional to a square of the volume to the surface area ratio (V⁄A), i.e., t=(1⁄q2)(V⁄A)2.
Solidification constant q was found to be 0.86 mm/sec1⁄2 for the mould bonded by sodium silicate.
A formula for calculation of (V⁄A) of T joint portion are given as follows:
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Imao Tamura, Hirofumi Yoshimura, Nobuhiro Iwasaki, Masao Ibaraki1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 820-827
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA deformed Fe-27.56%Ni-0.44%C martensite was examined by optical and transmission electron microscopy and the micro-hardness test. Optical micrographs showed that numerous parallel striations which would be due to twin faults (transformation twins) were slightly observed in the non-deformed martensite, and the spacing of their striations in the martensite increased remarkably and became clearly observable by 5%-deformation of the specimen. Beyond 5%-deformation, relatively wide parallel and crossed striations presumably due to deformation twins appeared.
Transmission electron micrographs and electron diffraction patterns in the selected area of the deformed martensite showed the following: (1) The wide parallel and the crossed striations observed by a optical microscope were deformation twins formed on {112} planes during deformation. (2) Three types of relationships between the deformation twin and the transformation twin were confirmed: (a) Both the twinning plane and the twinning shear direction were the same. Such a kind of deformation twins was easily formed at the beginning stage of deformation on the martensite, and the growth and the detwinning of the transformation twins occurred. (b) The twinning plane differed from each other and the twinning shear direction was the same, and (c) both the twinning plane and the twinning shear direction differed from each other. (3) In the deformed martensite, the deformation twins crossing with other deformation twins and transformation twins were also observed. (4) The deformation twins which were formed on {112} planes and were different from the twinning plane and shear direction of the transformation twins frequently showed some kinds of habit planes deviated from {112} planes.
The results of micro-hardness tests showed that the deformed martensite was strain-softened by up to 5%-deformation, beyond this, the deformed martensite was strain-hardened rapidly and reached a constant hardness with the degree of deformation of the specimens.View full abstractDownload PDF (2800K) -
Mitsuru Idohara, Nakaaki Oda, Masao Dairi1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 828-833
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a previous paper, a spectrographic method in general use with a fixed analytical condition and a set of standards was established for a rapid, simultaneous and precise determination of major and impurity elements in samples with various matrices, encountered in industries. An improvement of the previous method was studied on internal standards and analytical line pairs to reduce the relative deviation, and also influences of compositions and chemical forms of samples on the analytical results by the improved method were fully investigated. As the result, better precision was obtained by use of the double internal standard of germanium and platinum and the optimum analytical line pairs, and it was found that the analytical results were little affected by the character of the sample matrices such as organic, inorganic and metallic materials, as well as by the chemical forms of analytical elements such as carbide, oxide, metal and various salts. The analytical precision was less than 20% in terms of the variation coefficient at the concentration level of 3%, and the results by this method agreed satisfactorily with those by chemical analysis, so this method could be widely used for industrial applications.View full abstractDownload PDF (1991K) -
Koichi Uesaki, Koichi Akizono1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 833-836
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThere are some foundamental problems in the structure observation of carbon steels by a high temperature microscope, e.g., the rate of thermal etching and the homogeneity between the surface and the interior structural changes. The authors studied some of these basic problems on the structures of carbon steels which were observed in the temperature range from room temperature up to 1000°C for various holding times (maximum 95 min) in vacuum by a high temperature microscope.
The results obtained were as follows:
(1) The grain boundaries began to be observed faintly at 600°C and clearly at 700°C by thermal etching. The effects of the heating rate and holding time on the thermal etching were small, but the effects of the test temperatures were large.
(2) The surface microstructures of 0.5%C carbon steels differed from the interior ones when cooled at the rate 50°∼70°C/min. This may be caused by the difference of cooling rates between the surface and the interior.View full abstractDownload PDF (1354K) -
Etsuo Sasaki, Hiroshi Onoda, Kozo Yano1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 837-842
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe temperature change of the interface between the die and the casting was measured immediately after the melted metal was injected into the cavity of die. Special thermocouple elements with enough sesitivity for the measurement of the rapid temperature change under the high casting pressure and also proper temperature recording systems were used for this experiment. ZAC and silmin (13%Si) were used as casting alloys. Main results are as follows: (1) The temperature behavior of the casting side of the interface was similar to the case of the gravity die casting, but the temperature near the completion of solidification of the casted alloys was considerably lower than usual solidification and the cooling rate was much faster than the cooling rate in the gravity die casting. (2) The maximum temperature of the die side of the interface was located in the middle temperature region between the die temperature and the melting temperature of the casting alloys.View full abstractDownload PDF (2071K) -
Masataka Sugiyama, Hisashi Suzuki, Takaaki Kido1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 843-848
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome properties such as mechanical properties, workability and corrosion resistance of wrought Zn-Cu-Ti type alloys containing 1∼6%Cu and approximately 0.1%Ti were mainly investigated, in respect of both effects of the Cu content and heat treatment. The results were as follows: (1) The alloys were strengthened with increase of the Cu content. (2) The heat resisting property in these alloys was based on the adequate Ti addition as in low-Cu alloys, and also their mechanical properties were most increased by low temperature annealing. (3) The alloys containing 2∼3%Cu gave the maximum tensile elongation. (4) The deep drawing property was improved with increase of the Cu content, and as for alloys containing an equal amount of Cu, the property was more desirable in the as-rolled condition than the annealed. (5) The bending property and corrosion resistance became worse with increase of the Cu content, but the effect on the latter was insignificant. (6) The Zn-Cu-Ti type alloy containing 2∼3%Cu was considered most promising in practical use.View full abstractDownload PDF (2197K) -
Makoto Endoh, Jirou Namekata1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 849-856
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn investigation was made of the effect of carbon on properties of nonmagnetic 17% mangan, 12% chromium, 2% nickel, 15% Vanadium steels which contained 0.04 to 1.68% carbon. The properties of these alloys was also studied by means of the hardness test, mechanical test, magnetic measurement and microscopic methods. Some of the results of the investigation are as follows:
(1) The increase in hardness from the solution treated hardness to the maximum aged hardness was primarily governed by the amount of carbon in the solid solution prior to aging treatment. The maximum aged hardness might be obtained by aging in the austenitic steels with the carbon content saturated in the solid solution when a suitable solution and aging temperature are employed.
(2) The effect of the aging temperature on the age-hardning of 17% mangan, 12% chromium, 2% mickel nonmagnetic steels in Table 1 was inconsipicuous at 600°C but became remarkable at 750°C. The highest hardness after aging was obtained by the aging temperature of about 700°C.
(3) The yield strength in the aged condition increased with the carbon content in the γ solid solution. The nonmagnetic steel containing 0.63% carbon, 17% mangane, 12% chromium, 2% nickel, 1.5% vanadium showed a yield strength of 110 kg/mm2 and an elongation of 18% when aged after solution treatment.
(4) The values of permeability in the aged condition were in the vicinity of 1.003.View full abstractDownload PDF (2543K) -
Mitugu Kitano1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 856-861
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to study the fundamental reactions in the copper smelting process from the standpoint of phase rule, the author has made an attempt to establish the equilibrium diagram of the Cu-S-O system. Thermal and chemical analyses have been made for the samples prepared from Cu, Cu2S, Cu2O and SO2 as raw materials.
From the results obtained, the equilibrium diagram of the Cu-S-O system was established in the qualitative scale at 760 mmHg and above 650°C.
The respective reactions of univariant systems in the diagram are as follows:
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Mitugu Kitano1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 862-866
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a previous report, the equilibrium diagram of Cu-S-O system at 760 mmHg has been determined by the author.
Using the Cu-S-O diagram, some considerations have been given to the fundamental reactions of copper smelting and the solidification of blister copper.
(1) The reactions of Cu2S with O2 at 760 mmHg are as follows.
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(2) The solidification process of blister copper may occur in the following order: (a), (b), (c) and (d).
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Masuzo Ueda, Fumio Seki, Kazuo Hosokawa1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 867-874
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of the zinc or tin layer in hot dipped lead coating on galvanized or tinned steel were studied. The results obtained are sammarized as follows:
(1) The adhesiveness of lead coating is related to the dipping temperature and the thickness of the layer; the dipping temperature above 419°C is known to be necessary for the coating on galvanized steel. The length of dipping time is determined from the thickness of the layer.
(2) The optimum dipping temperature and dipping time are; (A) an ordinary dipping temperature at 360°C, more than 40 min for galvanized steel on account of exfoliation of the zinc layer in the early stage of dipping and more than 30 sec for tinned steel. (B) at 430°C, the one 3 min, the other above 30 sec. However, the excessive dipping time and temperature which give rise to oxidation of the specimens must be avoided.
(3) The zinc or tin layer on steel is not covered with molten lead, but the steel is coated with the intermediate alloy of the molten layer and lead. Therefore, the adhesion of lead coating is not proportional to the thickness of the layer.
(4) The adhesion of lead coating is increased remarkably by dipping after immersing in a concentrated hydrochloric acid for a few seconds. This is the reason why the specimens are cleaned by HCl, and SnCl2 or ZnCl2 is formed when zinc or tin dissolves in HCl.View full abstractDownload PDF (1853K) -
Zen-ichi Tanabe1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 874-877
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe widespread use of tin brass in the condenser tubes may be attributed to its higher corrosion resistance than brass. Tin brass, however, suffers from polluted water corrosion at power stations using polluted water. Its corrosion occurs with sulphur compounds which are released by the action of bacteria. Therefore, potentiostatic measurements of the polarization curve for tin brass including various contents of zinc, tin and iron were carried out stirring 3%NaCl aqueous solution containing 1 ppm cystine.
The results obtained are as follows:
(1) Cystine accelerates the cathodic and anodic reaction rates.
(2) The effect of the zinc content on the electrochemical properties relates linearly to the zinc equivalent. There is a discontinuous change in electrochemical properties due to precipitation of the β phase. Before the precipitation, the cathodic critical current density decreases and anodic current density increases with the zinc equivalent, but after the precipitation, these current increase with the zinc equivalent respectively.
(3) The effect of tin content on electrochemical properties relates to precipitation of the δ phase, below which cathodic critical current decreases and anodic current increases with tin content, but above which the cathodic current does not decrease and the anodic current increases with the tin content.
(4) When the specimens contain iron, the above effects are lessened.View full abstractDownload PDF (656K) -
1964 Volume 28 Issue 12 Pages 878
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPlease see pdf. Wrong:Internal Colloquim, [in Japanese], [Please see pdf], No. 23-37, r=ρe/ρe, [in Japanese], }Yander Right:International Colloquim, [in Japanese], [Please see pdf], No. 23-31, r=ρe/ρ0, [in Japanese], JanderView full abstractDownload PDF (28K)
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