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Volume 25, Issue 6
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Takao Furumoto, Susumu Okinaka1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 365-369
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGeneration of and change in residual stress are effected in-grinding operation owing to the interaction of the high-speed rotating wheel and the work. As the residual stress existing inside the steel is related to and reflects heavily on the fatigue life, a comparative study was made of the generation of and change in residual stress caused by grinding on a few types of steel, differences in heat treatment, grinding burn, residual stress, etc. The findings revealed the change in residual stress owing to wet grinding to be approximately 15 kg/mm2 less than that by dry grinding, and thus the following tests were conducted with dry grinding. Irrespective of the type of residual stress of the quenched steel, whether it be thermal or transformative, the change in residual tension stress was found to be most outstanding on the ground part, when ground under conditions indicated in table 3. The change in surface residual stress is relatively greater in quenched steel than in quenched and tempered steel. Also, increase of carbon contents (S25C, S45C, S55C, SK3) effect a remarkable change in surface residual tension stress. It is further greater in SUJ2 bearing steel. SNC22 carburized steel and SK3 were similar in this respect. Grinding burn and surface residual stress in SNC22 carburized steel are correlated and the change in the vicinity of the boundary of the grinding burn is approximately +20 kg/mm2 and around the area burned to a dark-brown color by abnormal grinding was acknowledged to be approximately +40 kg/mm2.View full abstractDownload PDF (938K) -
Teruhiko Yao, Yonehei Taniguchi1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 369-372
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mechanical properties of annealed and recrystallyzed molybdenum wires were examined with a twist tester after straining by torsion and then annealed in hydrogen atmosphere. The yield strength of annealed wires which were strained and then treated at 800∼1600°C depends upon the recrystallization and recrystallized grain size, irrespective of the annealing temperature and of the amount of prestrain. The yield strength of recrystallized wires treated in hydrogen atmosphere at 1200∼1400°C (higher than the recovering temperature and but lower than the “recrystallization embrittlement” temperature),increase with the amount of prestrain.View full abstractDownload PDF (623K) -
Teruhiko Yao, Yonehei Taniguchi1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 373-375
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of the prestrain and annealing temperature, and atomosphere on the mechanical properties and etch pits observed on (111) sur faces of molybdenum wires were investigated. The dislocation etch pits were revealed by etching with potassium ferricyanide-caustic soda solution after heat-treatment at 1200°C in hydrogen atomosphere, but not after vacuum treatment at 1200°C. A correspondence between the appearance and disappearance of etch pits and of the yield points was observed. The array of etch pits and subboundaries were observed after heat-treatment using a heating current equal to 90% of the fusion current.View full abstractDownload PDF (456K) -
Taichi Kamijo, Kazuma Yamamoto1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 376-380
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTough pitch copper strips rolled to 95 pct and annealed at 120°C were rolled successively to 10,20,30 and 80 pct and then annealed at 150°C or 450°C. The (200) pole figure for the annealing texture of copper strips rolled up to 30 pct and annealed at 150°C showed the (001)[100] orientation in accordance with that of the deformed matrix formed by the intermediate annealing and the secondary rolling. It is clear that the coarse grains with random orientations were nucleated and grown in the deformed matrix corresponding to the (001)[100] orientation.View full abstractDownload PDF (539K) -
Taichi Kamijo, Kazuma Yamamoto1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 380-384
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen tough pitch copper strips rolled to 95 pct and annealed at 120°C were rolled successively up to 30 pct at right angle to the primary rolling direction and then annealed at 150°C, the (200)pole figure for the annealing texture showed a spread, from the (001)[100] orientation, mainly corresponding to rotation around the [100] axis in the primary rolling direction, in accordance with that of the deformed matrix produced by the intermediate annealing and secondary rolling. Such a behavior of the spread of orientation coincided also with that of the annealing texture of copper strips rolled secondarily without the intermediate annealing and annealed at 150°C. On the basis of these results it is clear that the formation of the cube textuere can be interpreted in terms of the oriented nucleation theory.View full abstractDownload PDF (602K) -
Kimiko Satô1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 385-389
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment was done in order to elucidate the mechanism of deformation at hot working of metals. The α-brass wires were stretched to various amounts of elongations and then quenched in water within 0.01 seconds. These specimens were annealed at various temperatures and investigated on their recrystallizing phenomenon on annealing. The following results were obtained. (1) The temperature of first recryatallization became higher as the working temperature of the specimen became higher. (2) The specimen worked at 840°C did not show any recrystallization phenomenon on annealing after hot working, but showed a vivid migration of grain boundaries. This working temperature involving no recrystallization became lower as the working degree became smaller. (3) In the specimen worked at 840°C, all the twins disappeared but they appeared again on annealing after the hot working. (4) The hot worked specimen has a stronger tendency of abnormal grain growth than that of cold-worked one on annealing, espcially when it was worked at such a high temperature as 840°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (854K) -
Toshio Amitani1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 389-392
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe anisotropic properties and the recrystallization textures of annealed Al-Mn, Al-Cr alloy sheets were investigated. (1) The annealed Al-Mn, Al-Cr alloy sheets made of ingots containing small amount of manganese or chromium give 90° type ears to the rolling direction by deep drawing, and exhibit the texture composed of type (100)[001]. These annealing sheets have large recrystallized grains. (2) The annealed Al-2%Mn alloy sheets give 45° type ears to the rolling direction and the rolling texture remains in such recrystallization texture. The annealed sheet has small grains if it is annealed under high temperature. (3) The recrystallization texture and the grain size of annealed Al-1.74%Cr alloy sheet are changed by annealing temperature : when the recrystallized grains are small the texture is much the same as in the rolling texture,and accompanying the grain growth the second orientation develops.View full abstractDownload PDF (291K) -
Masataka Sugiyama, Keisuke Kobayashi1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 393-397
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen Al-bronze castings were cooled at very low cooling rate,as in marine propeller castings, they show a brittleness called “self-annealing phenomena of Al-bronze”. This phenomena was caused by β→α+γ2 transformation in its microstructure. Therefore, it was expected that even large. Al-bronze castings could be free from self-annealing, if β→α+γ2 transformation were depressed by any way such as rapid cooling or alloying elements. The present study was intended to investigate the effects of Ni, Fe and Mn addition on depressing β→α+γ2 transformation of Cu-Al base alloy containing β phase. This transformation is analogous to austenite-pearlite transformation in carbon steel,so that the effects of these additional elements on the transformation was studied by isothermal method. The ternary Cu-Al base alloys containing Ni, Fe or Mn were homogenized at 900°C×1 hr and transformed isothermally between 550° and 400°C. Their microstructures were examined and plotted in TTT diagrams. The effects of the additional elements on the critical cooling rate in the transformation of Cu-Al alloys were discussed by Grange and Kiefer’s assumption in the case of steel. The results obtained were as follows: (1) Adding Mn into Cu-Al alloys was effective to depress β→α+γ2 transformation, the more the Mn content was increased. (2) Adding Ni and Fe seperately was little effective to depress the transformation. (3) The following equation showing the relationship between the critical cooling rate in β→α+γ2 transformation and the nose location of the TTT diagram was experimentally obtaind. Rs=(Te-Tn)/Cxt_n (C \fallingdotseq1.1-1.5) Rs: critical cooling rate (°C/min), Te: Eutectoid temperature, Tn: Temperature of the nose, tn: Time of the nose, C: co-efficient
\ oindent(4) It was suggested that if on adequate quantity of Mn is added Mn in to Cu-Al alloy were enough, β→α+γ2 transformation would be depressed and thereby large castings containing β phase will be free from self-annealing.View full abstractDownload PDF (598K) -
Masataka Sugiyama, Keisuke Kobayashi1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 397-401
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn our previous report (Effect of Nickel, Iron and Manganese Addition on β→α+γ2 Transformation of Cu-Al Alloys), adding Mn to Al-bronze containing β phase was effective to stabilize β phase and depress the so-called self-annealing phenomenon. Based on that result, this experiment was carried out to decide the region free from γ2-precipitate which caused self-annealing in Cu-Al-Mn system. The microstructures and hardness of Cu-Al-Mn alloys containing 5∼12%Al and 4∼12%Mn, water quenched or treated at various cooling rate as 1, 0.15 and 0.02°C/min, was examined and noted in diagrams. Then the mechanical tests of Cu-9.5%Al-Mn and Cu 8%Al-Mn alloy castings containing various Mn amount were carried out on tensile strength, elongation and impact-value. The results obtained are summarized in the following: The microstructures of high Mn-Al-bronzes containing above 6 wt%Mn consist of α,β and Cu3Mn2Al phases and free from the precipitation of γ2 and it was suggested they show excellent mechanical properties even when slowly cooled, say, at 0.02°C/min.In the results of mechanical test, Cu-Al-Mn alloy containing β phase showed an increase of tensile strength and a slight decrease of elongation with the increase in Mn wt%, but did not show self-annealing when containing high Mn content.View full abstractDownload PDF (664K) -
An Anomaly at about 500°C in Various Austenitic Heat-resisting Alloys Containing Chromium and NickelYûnoshin Imai, Tsuyoshi Masumoto1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 402-406
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relations between the contraction at about 500°C on tempering and the alloying elements in typical austenitic heat-resisting alloys containing chromium and nickel were investigated by dilatometric, magnetic, and metallographic methods. From the results, it was made clear that the contraction at about 500°C which was observed in those austenitic heat-resisting alloys was not caused by a precipitation of carbide or nitride, but by an anomaly, which was observed widely in the range of the austenite phase in the Fe-Cr-Co-Ni quaternary system ; it was most remarkable in the neighbourhood of about 20 per cent chromium in the Cr-Ni-Co ternary system, particularly at 20 per cent chromium-80 per cent nickel and 20 per cent chromium-20 per cent nickel-60 per cent cobalt, and was observed in the alloys not only of homogeneous austenite phase but also of the mixed structure containing other phases such as ferrite in the iron side of the Fe-Cr-Co-Ni quaternary system. It was considered that this anomaly may have a relation with the anomaly in the alloy in the vicinity of 75 atomic per cent nickel-25 atomic per cent chromium which, although lately much under discussion, has been considered to be due to an order-disorder transformation.View full abstractDownload PDF (401K) -
Shigehiro Inoue, Takashi Tsuchiya1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 406-410
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffect of carbon contents on the properties of Ni-Mo alloys has been investigated by hardness, tensile, microscopic and corrosion tests. The corrosion tests were carried out on specimens in boiling 20%HCl for 24 hours. The following results have been obtained. (1) With increasing content of carbon, both the weight loss by corrosion and the hardness of solution-treated Ni-Mo alloys have been increased, but the elongation was lowered. This may be attributable to the increase of the eutectic carbide (M6C, a=11.09 Å), the amount of which increased by addition of carbon. (2) When air-cooled from annealing temperature of 700°C, the elongation decreased rapidly, and the higher the carbon contents, the more appreciably deteriorated the corrosion resistance due to the continious precipitation of M6C (a=10.92 Å) on grain boundaries.View full abstractDownload PDF (604K) -
Kôji Sumino, Masae P. Sumino, Mikio Yamamoto1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 410-415
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe time variation of the yield strength during ageing at various temperatures (after quenching from 550°C) and the effect of strain ageing at low temperatures on the flow stress have been studied with Al-Ag alloys containing 5∼20 wt.%Ag. The yield strength increases by 100°C ageing, and the increment is shown to be in a reasonable agreement with the value calculated from X-ray data on the basis of an idea of zone-hardening. No increase of the flow stress has been observed after strain aging at room temperature and at 100°C. Short-time annealing at intermediate temperatures (180∼200°C) brings about a decrease in yield stress which may correspond to the disappearance of zones. The yield stress reveals the maximum value upon the precipitation of the transient phase (γ′) and decreases as the γ′ phase grows to the stable γ phase, which may be associated with the variation of the stress field around precipitates during the growth of them. It is suggested that there may be a possibility of the nucleation of γ′-phase crystals in zones which will be promoted when there are some dislocation lines crossing them.View full abstractDownload PDF (452K) -
Mikio Yamamoto, Satoshi Taniguchi, Keizô Aoyagi1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 415-419
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe dependence of the induced magnetic anisotropy on the temperature and duration of magnetic anneal was studied with 30.84%Co-Ni alloy polycrystal. The magnetic anisotropy was measured by a torque magnetometer specially designed for high-temperature measurements, and the magnetic anneal of the disc specimen was effected as it was mounted on the torque magnetometer. The results and conclusioins obtained are as follows: — The mangetic anisotropy induced by magnetic anneal is uniaxial, its directon of easy magnetization being the direction of the annealing magnetic field. Generally,as the duration of magnetic anneal is prolonged, the induced magnetic anisotropy energy increases quickly at first and then more and more slowly, finally attaining to saturation, and, as the temperature of magnetic anneal becomes higher, the rate of development of the induced anisotropy increses but its saturation value decreases. The development of the induced anisotropy can not be described in terms of single relaxation time and the associated relaxation time becomes longer as the duration of magnetic anneal is prolonged. The dependence of the induced anisotropy, Eu, on the temperature, Θ, of magnetic anneal can well be expressed by the expression Eu=const.×(IΘ⁄Io)2⁄Θ, where IΘ and Io are the values of the saturation magnetization at Θ(°K) and 0°K, respectively, as derived by Taniguchi and Yamamoto from the directional-order theory.View full abstractDownload PDF (447K) -
Mikio Yamamoto, Satoshi Taniguchi, Keizô Aoyagi1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 419-424
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe dependence of the induced uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy, Eu, on the measuring temperature, T, was studied, using the method of torque magnetometer, with a (1\={1}0) disc single crystal of 12%Co-Ni alloy annealed in sufficiently strong magetic field, and the observed dependence was found to be well expressed by the relation Eu=const.×(IT⁄IO)2, where IT and IO are, respectively, the values of saturation magnetization at T (°K) and at 0°K, as derived by Taniguchi and Yamamoto from the stand point of directional order theory. In connection with this study, the temperature dependence of the cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants, K1 and K2, was measured with 12%Co-Ni alloy and pure nickel, and it has been found that, as the temperature rises, K1 of 12%Co-Ni alloy changes from positive to negative at about 150°C, while K1 of nickel shows small positive values above 200°C, and that K2 of 12%Co-Ni alloy is always positive, while K2 of nickel changes from positive to negative at about 100°C. The alloy composition dependence of Eu was studied with magnetically annealed polycrystalline discs of 10.57, 20.78, 30.84, 40.67, 50.17, and 60.20%Co-Ni alloys, and it has been found that Eu shows a peak value of 8.4×102 erg/cm2 at about 50%Co. The comparison of the measured data as corrected for the composition dependence of the Curie temperature with Néel’s theoretical formula indicates that the ordering energy of Ni-Co alloys is negative and, hence, the alloys are of the precipitation type.View full abstractDownload PDF (462K) -
Keizô Aoyagi1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 424-428
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe induced uniaxial ferromagnetic anisotropy energy, E , as a function of the crystal orientation has been measured, using a torque magnetometer, with magnetically annealed (1\={1}0)-disc single crystals of 12 and 20%Ni-Co alloys. It has been found that, Eu may be well expressed by the formula
(This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.)
where K is a positive constant, k a numerical factor, and αi’s and βi’s (i=1, 2, 3) are the direction cosines of magnetization vectors during the torque measurement and during magnetic annealing, respectively, and that the factor k is 2∼3, being smaller than 4 as expected from the directional order theory for face-centered cubic lattice.View full abstractDownload PDF (318K) -
Keizô Aoyagi1961 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 428-431
Published: 1961
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe induced uniaxial ferromagnetic anisotfopy energy, Eu, as a function of the crystal orientation has been measured, using a torque magnetometer, with magnetically annealed (1\={1}0) disc single crystals of 17 and 46%Fe-Ni alloys. It has been found that Eu may be well expressed by a formula
(This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.)
where K is a positive constant, k a numerical factor, and αi′s and βi′s(i=1,2,3) are the direction cosines of magnetization vectors during the torque measurement and during magnetic annealing, respectively, and that the factor k is 2∼3, except for Ni-Fe alloys nearby Ni3 Fe, being smaller than 4 as expected from the directional order theory for face-centered cubic lattice. This difference may partly be due to the fact that the contribution from the second-neighbor atoms is neglected in the theory, and rather large values of k for Ni-Fe alloys nearby Ni3Fe may be due to the presence of superlattice.View full abstractDownload PDF (281K)
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