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Volume 28, Issue 10
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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Hisashi Suzuki, Masataka Sugiyama, Takateru Umeda1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 577-580
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo series of WC-Co alloys having constant 10% binder and containing approximately up to 2%Fe and Ni in alloys respectively were vacuum-sintered at 1400°C for 1 hr, carefully controlling the carbon content of each alloy. Using the alloys of the equal carbon content, effects of Fe and Ni on properties of as sintered WC-Co alloys and also of the alloys subsequently annealed at 800°C for up to 30 hr were investigated. The results are as follows. (1) As sintered state: Ni has almost no effect on the mechanical properties but Fe decreases the strength of alloys, indicating the limits of the Fe impurity in cemented carbides to be less than about 0.5%. The lattice constant of the binder phase increases with Fe but decreases with Ni addition. Therefore, the real value of pure WC-Co alloys is estimated to be about 3.550 Å. The magnetic saturation varies ordinally with Fe and Ni. The relation between the above mentioned properties and the carbon content in alloys containing constant Fe or Ni is essentially similar to that of straight WC-Co alloys(1). (2) As low temperature annealed state: No change in hardness is observed but the strength decreases as the annealing time increases. The lattice constant of the binder and magnetic saturation decrease as the carbon content of alloys becomes lower in the two-phase range. Such an annealing effect of alloys containing Fe or Ni is the same as WC-Co alloys already reported(2), so that the cause of the annealing effect may also be attributed to the precipitation of W from the binder phase.View full abstractDownload PDF (527K) -
Masataka Sugiyama, Takashi Furukawa1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 581-588
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOn the basis of the experimental results obtained so far by the authors, investigations have been made in an attempt to develop alloys of good properties with a relatively small content of beryllium.
In each of the alloys with 1 to 1.5% beryllium and 1% or less cadmium, tin, antimony or zinc, the initial hardening rate and attainable hardness are increased, the mechanical properties are improved and the activation energy of precipitation is lowered on aging by addition of 0.3 or 0.5% of indium. In the case of alloy containing around 0.3%CeLa, the addition of indium exerts a bad influence on the age-hardening property, reducing the attainable hardness greatly. It may be considered that stable intermetallic compounds between CeLa and indium are formed, and thus most of these elements are stabilized in such a state that has almost nothing to do with the precipitation process. A study of a series of Cu-Be-Zn alloys containing up to 30%Zn, with or without indium addition, has also been made. The addition of about 0.5% indium makes them less sensitive to over-aging, and improves mainly their Kb (Spring limit Kb means maximum surface stress of the thine plate specimen, by which 0.1 mm permanent strain occurs on the gange mark, and is calculated by the equation Kb=1.5ftE⁄l2. (f: bending strain at the loaded point in mm, t: thickness in mm, l: the distance between the fixed point and the loaded point, and is selected by l2=4000 t.)) values in general.View full abstractDownload PDF (2004K) -
Osamu Izumi, Hiroshi Fukuda1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 589-593
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe structure of 60/40 brass, consisting of α- and β-phase, is remarkably influenced by the condition of heat-treatment. However, almost no attention to control the structure for practical applications has been paid.
The present work was carried out in order to know the changes in structure of commercial 60/40 brass due to the process of the 1st annealing, intermediate cold-rolling and 2nd annealing. The 1st annealing structures could be divided into four types by the shape and distribution of the phases, namely, martensitic, mixed, granular and elongated structures. Those structures are changed by the subsequent cold-rolling and 2nd annealing. The tendency of the structure change was ascertained in relation to the annealing temperature and cold-rolling reduction. Fine and uniform distribution of β-particles is obtainable, if the specimen was subjected to the 1st annealing at the temperature of the β-phase region, followed by the cold-rolling with high-reduction and the 2nd annealing at the two-phases region. The changes in proportion of the β-phase area and in hardness were also investigated.View full abstractDownload PDF (1295K) -
Teiichi Homma, Sadabumi Issiki1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 594-597
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn measuring the rate of oxidation, a change in the temperature of specimens could be observed when reactive gas was led into a system which was sealed off in vacuum. In this work a quantitative measurement has been made of the temperature change, and its effect on the oxidation rate is discussed. The change in the temperature depend mainly on (1) geometrical factors of the system, (2) means of both measuring and controlling temperatures, and (3) the way of the gas-introduction. Although the change in temperature has no great effect on the oxidation rate directly, there is a secondary effect which may have an influence on the oxidation rate even if the change is removed immediately. It is necessary, therefore, to consider the extent of the change in temperature and the secondary effect for a kinetic study of the oxidation.View full abstractDownload PDF (744K) -
Toshio Saito1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 598-603
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen plastically deformed austenitic Cr-Ni stainless steels were heated isothermally at about 130°C for a long time, the shortening effect in steels occasionally appeared. Two commercial steels, 18-9 and 18-12, were prepared to study the cause of this phenomenon, and elongated 0∼20% at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature after solution treatment. Then the thermal dilatation characteristics up to 1000°C and the aging characteristics at 100°∼175°C were studied.
Both steels, elongated at room temperature, were all nonmagnetic, showing no contraction in the thermal dilatation curves. On the other hand, both steels elongated at subzero temperature were all magnetic and contracted clearly. The largest contraction were observed in the about 5% elongated specimen of a subzero worked 18-9 alloy and the about 10% elongated specimen of a 18-12 alloy. The contraction decreased in both cases where the elongation of steels decreased and increased. The steels elongated considerably at room temperature showed a maximum contraction of about 0.05% after a short time aging at 125°C, but the contraction diminished gradually after a long time aging. On the contrary, the steels elongated at subzero temperature, showed generally a clear contraction which attained 0.1% in maximum and the contraction remained even after a long time aging. The working ratio and temperature at which the largest contraction appeared, varied by the stability of austenite in steels. The elongated steels in which about 10% martensite and austenite coexisted showed the largest contraction after the aging at a low temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (1088K) -
Eiji Miyoshi1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 604-610
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was frequently reported that Creep characteristics of stainless steel stabilized by titanium was strongly affected by its solution treatment. This report is also concerns with a study of this phenomena. It consists of two series of experiment: The first concerns with the changes in creep rate after heating at various temperature and the second proves the effect of solution treatment temperature on the creep rate after aging at 750°C. The first experiment shows that the creep rate does not increase by heating at a higher temperature than 900°C, but increases by heating at a lower temperature than 850°C. Refering to the previous report on the phase changes by heating at various temperatures, the increase in creep rate is concluded to be related to the precipitation of Cr3C2. The second experiment reveals that the precipitation of Cr3C2 is affected by the solution treatment temperature. In case of the lower solution temperature, the previously precipitated TiC accelerates the precipitations of Cr3C2. Consequently, the increase of the creep rate of the steel heated at a lower solution treatment temperature starts earlier than that at a higher solution treatment. Though it is sure that the precipitation of Cr3C2 is related to the deterioration of creep characteristics, but this might be the only sign of the phenomena and the direct proof is not given by this experiment.View full abstractDownload PDF (1383K) -
Akira Isaka, Yasushi Matsumoto, Makoto Sugihara1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 610-615
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn appropriate method to control the oxygen content in the sintering atmosphere for MnZn ferrites was devised to obtain high quality magnetic cores of the ferrites. The magnetic properties of MnZn ferrites are influenced particularly by the sintering atomosphere. In order to obtain low loss ferrites, it requires to choose a proper oxygen content in the ambient sintering atomosphere. Since the ferrites are ionic crystals, an equation of Clausius-Clapeylon can be applied to the relation between vaper pressure and temperature. In this case, the logarithm of oxygen pressure has a liner relation to the inverse of absolute temperature. Therefore, a method to control the equilibrium atomosphere successively for sintering and cooling temperatures has been investigated to satisfy this relation. When the inert gas flows with a constant velocity into the closed furnace filled up with a mixture gas of oxygen and nitrogen in a proper proportion, the oxygen content is reduced exponentially. It was found experimently that the oxygen per cent Pt at the time t is expressed by the formula Pt=P0exp(−At⁄αV). The relation could be applied to obtain any desirable equilibrium atomosphere at the temperatures during the sintering and cooling processes. The magnetic properties of the ferrites prepared by this method were measured, with the result that these ferrites have high permeability, low loss and a homogeneous structure.View full abstractDownload PDF (879K) -
Wataru Suëtaka1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 615-619
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFar infra-red spectroscopy is believed to be a very powerful tool for identifying metallic compounds and studying their structures. Ferric oxides and oxyhydroxides are important corrosion products of iron alloys, but their far infra-red spectra have never been reported. For this reason, the far infra-red spectra of α-, β- and γ-FeOOH and α- and γ-Fe2O3 were observed in the region of 25∼220 μ. In addition, the diffuse reflection spectra of these compounds were measured, since diffuse reflection spectroscopy may also be a convenient method for identification of the compounds.
The measurement of the far infra-red spectra of powdered samples was carried out using a JASCO DS-501G grating far infra-red spectrophotometer. Fine powders of the compounds were dispersed in MgO, and the diffuse reflection spectra of the dispersed samples were observed over the region of 240∼1100 mμ.
It has been observed that the compounds show the characteristic absorption bands in the far infra-red region. The measurement of far infra-red spectra has proved to be an excellent method for identifying these compounds. An absorption band at 286 cm−1 of α-FeOOH and those at 266 cm−1 of β- and γ-FeOOH are assigned tentatively to be the absorption due to the out of plane deformation vibration of the -O-H group. The results also show characteristic absorption curves for each compound in the diffuse reflection spectra, indicating the applicability of diffuse reflection spectroscopy for the said purpose.View full abstractDownload PDF (881K) -
Masao Kawahata, Heiichi Mochizuki, Rokuro Kajiyama, Koshiro Ichihashi1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 619-622
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSQuantitative determination of thorium in iron and steel by the spectrophotometric method using arsenazo III has been investigated.
Thorium-arsenazo III complex showed maximum absorbance at 665 mμ and the concentration of HCl did not affect the determination at 4∼7 N. The interference by zirconium complex with arsenazo III could be eliminated by adding oxalic acid and was masked most effectively in a 2.5 N HCl medium. The coloration followed Beer’s law over the range of 0∼30 μg thorium at 2.5 N HCl in 50 mL for 30 mm cell. Up to 10 mg Al3+, 20 mg Fe3+, 3 mg Ni2+ and 1 mg Pb2+ didn’t interfere the determination of thorium.
The method of determination is as follows:
The sample, after decomposition with mixed acid and perchloric acid, can be treated for the separation of iron and other metals by magnetic electrolysis with the use of a mercury cathode. The solution is diluted exactly to 250 mL and an aliquot is taken. After evaporating, dissolve the residue in 10 mL of HCl(1+1) and transfer to a 50 mL volumetric flask. Add 14 mL of saturated oxalic acid in HCl(1+1), 15 mL of 4% oxalic acid solution, ascorbic acid to reduce the iron (III) and 5 mL of 0.05% solution of arsenazo III and dilute to the mark with water. The photometric determination is carried out at 665 mμ in 30 mm cell. The thorium content is found via a calibration curve.
By this means, 0.010% thorium in iron and steels could be determined with satisfactory results.View full abstractDownload PDF (614K) -
Noboru Makino, Yasuo Kimura, Isamu Yamaki1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 623-627
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe fluidity length of Alnico 5 cast alloy in the spiral test increases linearly with the pouring temperature up to about 1510°C and gradually at a higher temperature.
Crystals of the spiral casting of Alnico 5 magnet alloy are generally columnar crystals in the neighbourhood of the sprue, the mixed structure of columnar and equiaxial crystals in the center of a section to approach to the top of flow and fine equiaxial crystals at the top of flow. The columnar crystals are produced easily, by the increase of the pouring temperature, but in case the pouring temperature is just above freezing temperature, the finest equiaxial crystals are produced from sprue to the top of flow.
In order to improve the fluidity, the contents of Al and Si in the Alnico 5 alloy has been changed. Addition of Si reduces the freezing temperature. This fact is one of the reasons that Si addition improves the fluidity and faciliates the formation of columnar crystals. By adding of about 1%Si the fluidity is improved by 10∼15% without rising the pouring temperature, and the magnetic properties equal to or more than the Alnico 5 alloy are obtained. When changed the Al content in the Alnico 5 alloy, the freezing temperature falls and there by the fluidity is slightly improved. But it seems that the fluidity cannot be improved by changing the Al content without a lowering of the magnetic properties.View full abstractDownload PDF (1112K) -
Sakae Takeuchi, Osamu Watanabe1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 627-632
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe electrolysis in the molten salt bath has been carried out for the extraction of titanium from the anode of TiO, TiC and Ti-C-O alloys which were obtained from titanium oxide or titanium slags by the carbon reduction in vacuum and arc. It was found that the extraction of titanium was possible at a low voltage below 1.5 V by the electrolysis from the anode with a mixture of TiO and C. In such a process, titanium contained 0.12∼0.52% carbon, 0.36∼3.05% oxygen and the extraction ratio of titanium from the anode was 55%.
In case of the electrolysis using TiC as an anode, a better extraction ratio of titanium (about 70%) was obtained, of which the carbon content was considerably low. At the earlier stage, high purity titanium was obtained by the anode electrolysis from the crude titanium produced by the carbon arc reduction. At the latter stage, titanium was extracted from the anode by the same method as the anode electrolysis of TiC, TiO.
The grade of titanium, deposited from the anode electrolysis of TiO, TiC and Ti-C-O alloys, was the same or better titanium in comparision with metals obtained from the electro-reduction of TiO2 in the molten salt bath of CaCl2.View full abstractDownload PDF (1091K) -
Sakae Takeuchi, Osamu Watanabe1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 633-638
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of the compositions of molten salts on the efficiency of cathode current, yield of extraction, and purity of titanium, obtained from a soluble anode of titanium by the electrolysis of the molten salt of alkali halide, have been investigated.
In this study titanium was extracted from the anode of scrap grade titanium at the temperature of the salt bath ranging from 700° to 820°C and the cathode current density from 50 to 300 amp/dm2. It was found that the ratio of extraction depends on the shape of the anode material and the current density of the anode. When the titanium of the anode was dissolved in Ti+2 ion, the titanium deposited on the cathode with the current efficiency of 65∼80%.
Although the variation of the composition in salt bath and current density of cathod was not so much effective on the purity of the deposited titanium, the highest purity of the deposited titanium was obtained by the use of the molten iodide salt bath and molten chloride salt bath containing about 1% titanium ion. When the concentration of Ti ion was about 1% and the ratio of Ti+2/Ti+3 was larger than unity, the deposited titanium was obtainable in about 80% current efficiency even in the case of 80% extraction. When the deposited titanium had large crystal grains, the ratio of the content of the salt retained in the deposited titanium to the deposited titanium was lower than 1/4.View full abstractDownload PDF (851K) -
Gunji Shinoda, Yoshitsugu Amano1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 639-644
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe nature of dissolution of oxygen in zirconium heated in air or under a low pressure were studied by metallographic and X-ray methods.
The results obtained were as follows:
(1) Dissolution of oxygen in zirconium is not a simple phenomenon and changes from the grain boundary diffusion type to the bulk diffusion type with the increase of temperature.
(2) The lattice constant of zirconium increases with the degree of dissolution of oxygen at first and reaches a maximum at about 18 at%O, and then decreases.
(3) The degree of X-ray transmission in both of the welded zone and the heat affected zone is larger than that of the non-welded zone.
(4) The rate of oxidation is larger in the welded zone than that in the non-welded zone.
(5) The rate of recrystallization is accelerated by oxygen atoms dissolved in zirconium during recrystallization.View full abstractDownload PDF (880K) -
Gunji Shinoda, Yoshitsugu Amano1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 644-648
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe crystal structure and nature of thermal expansion in the welded zone of zirconium were studied by the X-ray method between the temperature range of 25°∼300°C.
The results obtained were as follows:
(1) The preferred orientation was found in the welded zone.
(2) The axial ratio (c/a) in the welded zone was larger than that obtained after recrystallization of the same zone.
(3) α⊥ (linear thermal expansion coefficient in a-axis direction) in the welded zone increased with rise of temperature in the same way as α⊥ and α\varparallel (linear thermal expansion coefficient in the c-axis direction) in the non-welded zone, but α\varparallel in the welded zone was nearly independent of temperature.
From these results, it can be predicted that oxygen or nitrogen atoms being dissolved in the zirconium matrix during the welding play some role in the increase of the lattice constant parallel to the hexagonal axis and that they may migrate from an unstable site to a stable site with rise of temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (540K) -
Gunji Shinoda, Yoshitsugu Amano1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 648-653
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe recovery of lattice strain in welded zirconium, 50% cold rolled, was studied on the basis of the change of half breadth of X-ray diffraction lines.
The recovery of lattice strain of the c-axis direction in the welded and non-welded zones shows nearly the same rate in the isothermal recovery curve, particulary, at a high temperature. However, the recovery of the a-axis direction in the welded zone has retarded as compared to that in the non welded zone.
Besides, recrystallized grains in the welded zone do not appear even by annealing at 800°C for 1 hr, whereas in the quenched zirconium showing a similar structure to the welded zone they are found by annealing at 600°C for 1 hr.
From these results it can be understood that inhomogeneously dissolved oxygen and other gases during the welding play an important role in the recovery process as well as in the thermal expansion as previously reported by the authors.View full abstractDownload PDF (755K) -
Ichiji Obinata, Yo Takeuchi, Kensuke Kurihara, Masaharu Watanabe1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 653-659
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAngeregt durch die technische Verwendbarkeit der ternären Legierungen von Mangan und Silizium mit Lithium, Kalzium, Barium und Strontium besteht die Hauptaufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit in der ungefähren Abgrenzung der von den Randsystemen ausgehenden Mischungslücken. Die Mischungslücken dehnen sich weit über diese termären Systeme bis zu etwa folgenden Zusammensetzungen aus:
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Ergänzend wurden die Schmelzflächen in der Siliziumecke der Systeme Mangan-Silizium-Lithium und Mangan-Silizium-Kalzium ungefähr festgelegt. Es wurde gefunden, daß im System Mangan-Silizium-Lithium bei 9%Mn, 66%Si, 25%Li und 645°C und im System Mangan-Silizium-Kalzium bei 15%Mn, 55%Si, 30%Ca und 970°C ein ternäres Eutektikum liegt.View full abstractDownload PDF (1412K) -
Hideo Saitô, Akira Kikuchi1964 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 660-661
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (194K)
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