Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals and Materials
Online ISSN : 1880-6880
Print ISSN : 0021-4876
ISSN-L : 0021-4876
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Volume 73, Issue 3
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Special Issue on Emergent Researches for Substitution to and Effective Usage of Rare and Scarce Metals (2)
  • Purpose and Objectives of “Project for High Performance Anisotropic Nanocomposite Permanent Magnets with Low Rare-Earth Content”
    S. Hirosawa, T. Nishiuchi, T. Ohkubo, W. F. Li, K. Hono, J. Yamazaki, ...
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 135-140
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.135
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      Purpose and objectives of “Project for High Performance Anisotropic Nanocomposite Permanent Magnets with Low Rare-Earth Content”, a subproject of MEXT's “Element Science and Technology Project”, is briefly discussed and recent findings obtained from multi-scale analysis of a hydrogenation-disproportionaion-desorption-recombination (HDDR)-processed Nd-Fe-Co-Ga-B alloy is presented.
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  • Hydrogen-Induced New Functions in Sub-Nano Lattice Matter
    Atsunori Kamegawa, Jun Nakahigashi, Akira Yamaguchi, Asaya Fujita, Mih ...
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 141-150
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.141
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      This paper includes some results of “Hydrogen-Induced New Functions in Sub-Nano Lattice Matters” accomplished by MEXT's program “Elements strategy Project”. In the 21st century, the era concerning about environment, this research achievement utilizing hydrogen as the technology for strengthening alloys will be expected to make a breakthrough in the metal heat-treatment and processing technology as the new environmental conscious process. Hydrogen heat-treatments for grain-size refinements of alloys were performed. The grain size of Cu-3 mass%Ti alloy turned into about 20~50 nm after hydrogenation and dehydrogenation treatment. Moreover, grain-size refined Ti-based alloy showed large super-elastic elongation. On the other hand, hydrogen induced functions in the alloys were also investigated. Hydrogen transmitting films with Pd nanogranular particles dispersed in ceramic material were developed as attachment of metal-hydride switchable mirrors. Metamagnetism transition temperature (Tc) could be increased by hydrogen introduction in La(FexSi1-x)13. Pd/Pt core-shell type nano-particles were also investigated.
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  • A Possibility of Urban Mining in Japan
    Kohmei Halada, Kiyoshi Ijima, Masanori Shimada, Nozomu Katagiri
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 151-160
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.151
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      A potential amount of urban mining in Japan is estimated. The potential amount includes the amount of in-use stock, used stock and dissipated stock in Japan. The accumulation is estimated by considering the balance between import and export beyond the boundary of Japan after the World War II. The amount of material which was exported as parts of products is estimated by Input/Output Table Analysis with an assumption that material flow is in proportion to cash flow.
       A considerable amount of metal was estimated to be accumulated in Japan. The accumulation amount of gold and silver is 6,800 tons and 60,000 tons respectively. They are greater than the reserves of richest resource-possessing country, South Africa for gold and Poland for silver. The accumulated amount of Al, Sb, Cr, Co, Cu, In, Fe, Pb, Li, Mo, Ni, Ta, Sn, V, W, Zn, Platinum group metals and rare earth group were also calculated.
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  • The Status of Engineering Materials Industry of Japan by Trade-Flow Analysis
    Kohmei Halada, Kiyoshi Ijima, Nozomu Katagiri
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 161-170
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.161
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      The trade flows of materials were visualized by use of the data from United Nation's COMTRADE database. Subjected materials were Fe at 1992 and Fe, Al, Cu, Ni, Au, Pt, Co, W, Ta, plastics, and chemical products at 2007. While the trilateralism with USA, Germany and Japan at 1992 is releasing to be spread, Japan is still keeping a dominant trade flows in each material. Japan is one of the dominant countries in both cases of the export and the import of materials. The change of the position of material in the international competitive power of countries is discussed. While many countries have tendency to shift the weight from material to products, Japan keeps a special position on materials. From 1990s the share of engineering materials in the export is increasing up to 20%, overriding machines and electric equipments. The importance of engineering material industry on national survival of Japan is increasing.
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  • Understanding of Electroconductivity of Thin Film Using Percolation Model, for Reduction in Indium Consumption
    Kazuhito Shida, Ryoji Sahara, Hiroshi Mizuseki, Yoshiyuki Kawazoe
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 171-173
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.171
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      Due to its electronic conductivity and transparency, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is an irreplaceable material for today's technology, such as various flat panel displays. The resultant increase of the demand for indium is a major concern, but can be solved by understanding the detail of electronic conduction in ITO. For this purpose, we are working on a computational physics research on ITO: a model analysis of thin film with reduced amount of indium as a percolation model. Because ITO is typically formed into thin film electrodes in its applications, we are currently focused on 2D percolation models.
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Regular Article
  • Continuous Transition of Deformation Mode in Fe-30Mn-5Si-1Al Alloy
    Motomichi Koyama, Takahiro Sawaguchi, Kazuyuki Ogawa, Takehiko Kikuchi ...
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 174-179
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.174
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      Deformation modes at various stages of plastic deformation have been investigated at identical locations in an Fe-30Mn-5Si-1Al (mass%) alloy specimen, which exhibits a good shape memory effect associated with FCC(γ)→HCP(ε) martensitic transformation and relatively high ductility caused by deformation twinning. The surface relief caused by γ→ε martensitic transformation, deformation twinning and slip band formation has been analyzed by measuring surface tilt angles corresponding to each deformation mode by atomic force microscopy. Although ε-martensitic transformation is the dominant deformation mode in the early deformation stage, a part of the ε-martensite plates changes to deformation twins with the increase of deformation volume. Slip deformation also occurs inside the same region under excessive strain. The continuous transition of these deformation modes also occurs in the other grains in the same order: ε martensite→deformation twins→slip bands.
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  • Thermodynamic Analysis of the Mo-Nb-B Ternary Phase Diagram
    Kenta Yamada, Hiroshi Ohtani, Mitsuhiro Hasebe
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 180-188
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.180
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      A thermodynamic analysis of the Mo-Nb-B ternary system has been carried out by estimating the unknown thermodynamic properties of binary and ternary borides using a first-principles method. The calculated values for the binary Mo-borides were in reasonable agreement with those found by experiment. However, the results showed that the formation enthalpy of Mo2B5 had a positive value, and further experimental investigation of the crystal structure would be necessary. The formation enthalpies for the (Mo, Nb)B2, (Mo, Nb)3B4, (Mo, Nb)B, (Mo, Nb)2B phases were also determined. The thermodynamic functions determined using these theoretical values, as well as the available experimental information on the phase fields, successfully revealed the phase equilibria in the Mo-Nb-B ternary system over the entire composition and temperature ranges.
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  • Corrosion Characteristics of Extruded P/M AZ31 Alloy Produced by SWAP
    Takahito Kawamura, Satoshi Sunada, Katsuyoshi Kondoh, Kazuhiko Majima
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 189-197
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.189
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      Mg alloys are outstanding candidates for the use in automotive, aerospace and electronic industries because of their low density and excellent strength to weight ratio. In particular, the extruded Mg sintered alloy produced by SWAP has more excellent mechanical property than other Mg materials. In this study, their corrosion behavior has been investigated by the polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test for their practical use. AZ31 sintered alloy sample produced by SWAP showed good corrosion resistance because of its homogeneous structure.
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  • Impact Evaluation of Rare Metals in Waste Mobile Phone and Personal Computer
    Eiji Yamasue, Takeshi Numata, Hideyuki Okumura, Keiichi N. Ishihara
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 198-204
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.198
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      The amounts discarded laptop PC for home and business use from 1989-2025, desktop PC for home and business use from 1989-2025, mobile phone from 1991-2025 and PHS (handy phone system) from 1996-2025 have been estimated using population balance model. It is found that the discarded amounts of home PC are still increasing after 2010, while that increase rates in case of mobile phone and PHS are slight. The amounts of elements in all the discarded products have been estimated too using literatures and measured values. The impacts of the elements are discussed based on the comparison with domestic demands, the values weighted by total materials requirement (TMR) and the elemental concentration in the products normalized by that in crude ore.
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  • Fatigue Process Evaluation of Ultrasonic Fatigue Testing in High Strength Steel Analyzed by Acoustic Emission and Non-Linear Ultrasonic
    Mitsuharu Shiwa, Yoshiyuki Furuya, Hisashi Yamawaki, Kaita Ito, Manabu ...
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 205-210
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.205
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      Non-linear ultrasonic and acoustic emission (AE) signals during ultrasonic fatigue testing were analyzed by using Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) and continuous AE waveform analysis system (1 MHz/12bit). Notched specimens of a high strength low alloy steel were prepared for the ultrasonic fatigue test with exciting vibration frequency of 20 kHz. The detected surface velocity was longitudinal direction at the end of the specimen with frequency range from 100 Hz to 500 kHz. During the waveform monitoring of the fatigue test, a distorted exciting waveform was observed in the final stage of the test. Then the burst type noise mixed with the distorted exciting waveform was obtained just before the final failure in the case of the failure specimens. Contrary, the distorted exciting waveform and AE were not observed in the case of non-failure specimens. AE signal and upper harmonics of exciting frequency were analyzed by the FFT method. As the result, after the intensity of 2nd and 3rd harmonics increased rapidly, AE events were detected continuously in the case of the failure specimens. It can be concluded that non-linear ultrasonic and AE analysis were effective monitoring tool for fatigue damage progression.
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  • Development and Thermal Properties of Cu-Mo Composite Materials
    Kensuke Matsubara, Hironori Kuroki, Naohisa Sawai, Yoshihiro Takahara
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 211-215
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.211
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      We have developed a Cu-Mo composite material with high thermal conductivity by liquid-phase sintering of mixed Cu and Mo powders. A planetary ball mill has been used to mix the powders. Degree of mixing in sintered samples is estimated to know its effect on thermal conductivity. Strong correlation between degree of mixing and thermal conductivity is observed. It is found that homogeneity of mixing and high density are required to produce a composite with high thermal conductivity.
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  • Development of Ni-Al Intermetallic Compounds Using Lamination Cladding and Heat Treatment
    Kouichi Niinobe, Naoya Takeshita, Ikuo Sumi
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 216-225
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.216
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      A manufacturing process of Ni-Al intermetallic compounds was developed by a simple process consisting of lamination cladding and heat treatment. The thin plates of pure Ni and Al with a size of 10×15×0.5 mm3 were alternately laminated, and heat- treated at temperatures ranging from 923 K to 1473 K in an Ar atmosphere. The relationship between formed Ni-Al intermetallic compounds and heating temperature was investigated by microstructure observation using a scanning electron microscope attached with an energy-dispersible characteristic X-ray analytical equipment. The specimens heated at temperatures ranging from 923 K to 1073 K showed a reaction layer consisting of a single phase corresponding to Ni2Al3. The chemical composition of the reaction layer changed from Ni2Al3 to NiAl, NiAl+Ni3Al duplex and Ni3Al with increasing heating temperature ranging from 1173 K to 1373 K. The layer of NiAl+Ni3Al duplex was only retained up to the heating temperature of 1473 K.
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  • Effect of Laser Irradiation on Generation and Growth of Whiskers in Tin-Electroplated Film
    Yutaka Mitooka, Koji Murakami, Makoto Hino, Masao Takamizawa, Jun Taka ...
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 226-233
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.226
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      In order to suppress generation and growth of whiskers, the effect of laser irradiation on tin-electroplated film on copper was studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction method. In the case of as-plated film, whiskers were generated on the electroplated tin film of 1 μm thickness within 432 ks. Residual stress of this film and the number of whiskers increased with the amount of copper-tin intermetallic compounds (Cu6Sn5) which developed between the plated film and the copper substrate. On the other hand, in electroplated tin film subjected to diode laser of 300 W for 100 to 1000 ms, no whiskers were formed even after 10 Ms. Residual stress of tin after laser irradiation was tensional at first, then, the stress did not change appreciably after 2.6 Ms. Uniform layer of Cu6Sn5 was formed immediately after laser irradiation, and the morphology showed no meaningful change even after 10 Ms. Whiskers are thought to be suppressed by covering the interface between tin and copper with layer of Cu6Sn5 and by reducing nonuniformity of stress field.
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  • Layer Thickness Dependence of Hardness and Microstructure in Electrodeposited Co/Cu Multilayers
    N. Sato, Y. Kaneko, S. Hashimoto
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 234-237
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.234
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      Vickers hardness and microstructure have been investigated on Co/Cu multilayers having various cobalt layer thicknesses. The Co/Cu multilayers were fabricated on copper substrates by electrodeposition technique. In spite of the fact that hardness has normally decreased with increasing layer thickness in Ni/Cu multilayers, Vickers hardness was almost independent of cobalt layer thickness hCo for the Co/Cu multilayers with a constant copper layer thickness hCu of 20 nm and the cobalt layer thickness hCo ranging from 20 nm to 500 nm. In X-ray diffraction analyses, all the diffraction peaks of the cobalt layers were from an fcc lattice in the multilayers of hCo<100 nm. On the other hand, diffraction peaks from an hcp lattice were detected at hCo≥100 nm. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation revealed that the hcp cobalt phase consisted of fine lamellar structure whose layer thickness was about 3 nm. In contrast, no lamellar structure was found at the fcc cobalt phase. Accordingly, the high Vickers hardness maintained even at hCo=500 nm could be understood from the fine lamellar structure formed in the hcp cobalt phase which was grown in the thick cobalt layers.
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  • Nanostructures of Yellow Dyestuff PbCrO4 Used for Touzan Fabric Imported in Late Edo Period
    Nahoko Sugioka, Masahiro Kitada
    2009 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 238-243
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.238
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      The nanostructures of the yellow dyestuff PbCrO4 used for touzan fabric imported in the late Edo period have been investigated. The yellow dyed threads are removed from the fabric and the cross-sectional structures are observed. A thin film is made by the FIB method to observe the nanostructures. The nanostructures are observed by means of transmission electron microscopy. Chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) are detected by EDX almost constantly from inside the fiber. Fine acicular orthorhombic PbCrO4 crystals are observed in the fiber almost parallel to the fiber direction. The length and width of the crystals are 50~100 nm and 10~20 nm, respectively. Nanometer-sized 3~5 nm rectangular monoclinic PbCrO4 crystals are distributed randomly throughout the fiber. It is thought that the acicular crystals precipitate at defect sites such as the amorphous area of cotton fiber. There is a correlation between the precipitation phenomenon and structural defects of the cotton fiber. On the other hand, referring to a document from the Meiji period, cotton threads available on the market now are actually dyed for various dying times, and the behaviors of Pb and Cr in the fiber are analyzed by EDX in the fiber section. The Cr density in the fiber decreases gradually with distance from the surface. The diffusion length from the surface increases when the processing time becomes long. In the area where Pb coexists with Cr, it is inferred that PbCrO4 is generated. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the dyed threads is confirmed to show the strong peaks of the monoclinic PbCrO4 crystal and the week peaks of the orthorhombic PbCrO4 crystal. Most of the peaks agree with those obtained from touzan cloth.
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