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Volume 18, Issue 7
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Sôkichi Umekawa1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 387-390
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe apparatus for measuring Young’s modulus used for the present experiments is based on the lateral vibration method of the cantilever type, in which the stress acting on a specimen is very small, as the specimen has a small round section and the amplitude of its resonance frequency is also very small. In nickel-copper alloys, Young’s modulus of copper rises with a gentle slope with an addition of nickel and shows a maximum at 30∼40% copper. But, within the ferromagnetic range (less than 36% copper at ordinary temperatures), Young’s modulus shows a minimun at about 20% copper, being in qualitative agreement with observations of Yamamoto and of Shibuya-Fukuroi. In nickel-cobalt alloys, Young’s moduulus of nickel rises monotonously as the cobalt content increases.View full abstractDownload PDF (536K) -
Itô Gorô1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 390-392
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCathodic protection of 13 Cr stainless steel was studied. In dilute HCl and H2SO4 solutions, 13 Cr stainless steel suffers some what from cathodic corrosion, and it can be fairly protected by cathodic current. But in dilute HNO3 solution, cathodic corrosion occurs just like in 18-8 stainless steel, as described in the previous paper. The conclusions of the 2nd and the 3rd reports are as follows: (1) The cause of cathodic corrosion of 13 Cr and 18-8 stainless steels is due to reduction of the protective oxide film on their surfaces. (2) In the case when the surface film gives good corrosion resistance to the alloys, cathodic current is of no use. But in the case when free corrosion is of a certain value, cathodic protection is effective in suppressing its occurrence.View full abstractDownload PDF (407K) -
Masazo Okamoto, Ryohei Odaka1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 392-396
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of subzero-working on the properties of austenititc nickel-chromium stainless steel was studied using steel containing 0.08% C, 0.89% Si, 2.00% Mn, 10.26% Ni, 18.11% Cr and 1.52% Mo. The specimens were cold-worked to several degrees by means of statical compression at the temperatures of 20°, −72°, and −183°. With the lowered temperature of working, the plasticity of the steel was reduced, being work-hardend markedly. It was found magnetically that no martensite was formed by working at 20°, while by subzero-temperature working it was formed in amounts increasing with the drop of temperature as well as the increased degrees of working. The Ms point of the steel must be under −183° if it exists, and the Md point lies at +20°∼−72°. The process of changes by tempering the worked steels upon reheating was also pursued by means of hardness, dilatometric and magnetic measurements. During continuous heating, the preformed martensite by the subzero-working was found to begin to transform into austenite at about 440° and to finish the change at about 640°, while the recovery and the recrystallization of the deformed austenitic structure, which remained untransformed by the working, proceed gradually from about 630° and continue up to nearly 900°.View full abstractDownload PDF (710K) -
Ryohei Odaka1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 396-400
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCorrosion tests were carried out on statically compressed stainless steel containing 2.00% Mn, 10.26% Ni, 18.11% Cr and 1.52% Mo. The working was done at 20° and −183°. Since the Md point of steel lies below 20° the influence of the working and that of martensite formed by subzero-working on the corrosion resistivity of such steel could be discussed separately. The corrosives used were aqueous solutions of 62.7% HNO3, 5% H2SO4, 20% H2SO4 and 2.4% HCl in boiling conditions. Main results obtained are as follows: (1) In the solutions of 62.7% HNO3 and 5% H2SO4, all specimens, except one tempered at 600° which showed low resistivity, became passive, and the resistivity was found to be almost independent of the working and the amount of martensite. (2) In the solution of 20% H2SO4, a specimens strongly attacked and the more the degree of working and the amount of martensite, the more strongly. The resistivity was improved by tempering up to 400°, but was markedly reduced by tempering at 600°. (3) In the solution of 2.4% HCl, little influence of working and much influence of martensite amount was found. The specimens having martensite showed lower resistivity than those free from martensite, and by tempering they behaved as in the case of 20% H2SO4. On the other hand, martensite-free specimens, even in a severely worked state, became more stable against HCl solution by tempering up to 600°. (4) Neither working nor strain-induced martensite affects the tendency to become passive. Hence the resistivity of the steel against concentrated nitric acid and dilute sulphuric acid is scarecely influenced by working, but under non-passive state as in the case of the corrosion in hydrochloric acid, it is reduced by working, especially by the formation of martensite caused by the working.View full abstractDownload PDF (801K) -
Koukichi Katagiri, Kouichi Machi1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 401-405
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSQuenched and tempered hardness, micro-structure and grain size of the high speed steel (16-4-1 type) were studied. The carbon content of the specimen varied from 0.63 to 0.92%. The specimens were oil-quenched after heating for 1 min, at various temperatures from 1260 to 1290°. From this research, the following results were obtained.
1. The quenched hardness is lower, as the carbon content of the steel is higher, and as the quenched temperature is higher. 2. The tempering temperature, at which the steel gains the highest secondary hardness, is higher as the carbon content is higher and as the quenched temperature is hgher. 3. High speed steel partially melts above 1270° when the carbon content is 0.90%. 4. All specimens quenched at the same temperature gain nearly the same hardness when the specimen is tempered at a special temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (1012K) -
Yunoshin Imai, Kenzaburo Kumada1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 406-408
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInvestigating the shift of magnetic transformation point toward higher temperature at every annealing time at 500° with the specimens containing 35.05 and 53.07 per cent of chromium, we have found the effect of annealing the higher chromium steel with more than 15 per cent of chromium at the neighbourhood of 500° seemed to be favourably explained by the formation of the superlattice Fe3Cr alon. The complexity of the magnetic transformation curves in the Fe-Cr system accoding to F. Adcock was easily understood by our explanation.View full abstractDownload PDF (524K) -
Yûkô Mitani1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 409-413
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is well known that dilatometric conventionally quenched high carbon steels have 2 stages of shrinkage according to carbide precipitation. When time quenched specimens are examined in dilatometric analysis, most of the 1st shrinkage (around 100∼150°) depends nicely upon temperature and time of isothermal heat-treatment, that is to say, acicular tempered martensite, which appears under Ms temperature, while lower bainite caused the 1st shrinkage to decrease. However, if the conditions of isothermal heat-treatments are within the austenite range, the 1st shrinkage does not decrease. There is a remarkable reduction in the 1st shrinkage of martempered steels, and many tempered martensites are found contained in the micro-structure, but in these experiments the 2nd stage of shrinkage was almost unchanged. In summary, the decrease of the 1st shrinkage is caused by tempered martensite or lower bainite, reducing the quenching strain.View full abstractDownload PDF (926K) -
Yûkô Mitani, Norihiko Nakanishi1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 413-417
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn our former report, it has been confirmed that the 1st stage of shrinkage which appeared in dilatometric curve of specimen quenched in hot bath and again in cold water decreased gradually, as the temperature of bath dropped under Ms. Such a decrease verified the isothermal structure of tempered martensite. The authors have predicted the possibility of a determination of Ms by dilatometric analysis. Now this method was experimented on with a dilatometer under the scale-reading of 4000-fold magnification, and the Ms temperature obtained within ±1 C of accuracy. However, this method must be checked regarding tempering effect and the retained austenite. It was confirmed that the darkening method was not always necessary to determine Ms. The retained austenite was examined on a differential dilatometer. Both the retained austenite and the tempered martensite increased below Ms. This phenomenon may have some connection with austenite stabilization below Ms, as proposed by M. Cohen. In short the effect of retained austenite does not injure our determination method of Ms.View full abstractDownload PDF (939K) -
Study on the Analysis of Titanium Metals (1st Report). Photometric Determination of Iron in TitaniumShikao Hashimoto, Toshio Sawada1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 417-420
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe conditions in the photometric determination with thiocyanate were studied and the following results were obtained. (1) The good wave length for photometrical measuring was approximately 480 mμ. (2) The ferric thiocyanate complex color did not fade for one hour by addition of 0.2 g/100 mL of persulfate and a stable color was obtained. (3) Suitable results was obtained by using 20 mL of 20% thiocyanate solution in total volume of 100 mL and it was found that thiocyanate should be accuratly added. (4) In the development of color, suitable result was obtained using 1∼2 NH2SO4 at 15∼25°. (5) In the preparation of Calibration Curve, it seems necessary to use high purity titanium or refined K2TiF6. (6) A suitable procedure for determination of Fe in Ti-metals was established and good results were obtained.View full abstractDownload PDF (531K) -
Ohiko Kammori, Kimio Mukaewaki1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 420-424
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor the photometric determination of copper in iron and steel critical studies were made on the diethyldithiocarbamate method, the xantgenate method and the catalytic method based on the reaction between ferric iron and thiosulphate, and the first one, properly modified, proved to be the most rapid (only 10 min) and the most accurate (0.001%). Its procedure is as follows: dissolve 0.1 g of sample in 10 cc of the mixture (H2SO4 2, NHO3 1, H2O 10), dilute exactly to 100 cc, transfer an aliquot of 10 cc to a separating funnel, add 10 cc of 50% citric acid and 10 cc of NH4OH, cool, add 10 cc of 0.1% sodium diethyldithiocarbamate solution and 40 cc of CCl4, shake for 1 min. Separate the lower layer and determine the copper content by measuring the absorption at 430 mμ.View full abstractDownload PDF (870K) -
Ohiko Kammori, Kimio Mukaewaki1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 425-429
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe authors made additional investigations on the centrifugal method and the catalytic method and found the following procedure recommendable for the former: Take 0.5g of sample with 5 cc of HCl and a few drops of 30% H2O2, boil off Cl2, add 5cc of 50% tartaric acid and 1cc of 1% NH4CNS and then drop 10% SnCl2 until the red color of ferric thiocyanate disappears. Cool, neutralize with NaOH (10%), centrifuge the CuCNS precipitation at 2000 r.p.m. for 1 min and read the percentage of copper. As for the catalytic method, the authors could remove the effect of the temperature using a corrected formula. Among the seven methods above studied, the ammonium fluoride-iodometric method and the diethyldithiocarbamate photometric method are recommended for routine rapid analysis of copper.View full abstractDownload PDF (761K) -
Shigeru Yonezaki, Yoshiaki Miura1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 429-433
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA rapid polarographic method for the determination of chromium in iron and steel was studied and the following procedure has been obtained: Dissolve 0.1g of sample in 10 mL of HCl (1:1) and add a few drops of concentrated HNO3 for the analysis of pig iron and plain carbon steel, or dissolve the sample in 4 mL of HClO4 (60%) for special steel whose wolfram contents amall. After dissolution of the sample (fuming is necessary in the case of special steel), make the solution alkaline with NaOH, then oxidise chromium into chromate by adding 1 mL of H2O2 (30%). Then boil for 5 minutes in order to expel the excess H2O2, and dilute to 50 mL with water. Transfer an aliquot (4∼5 mL) of the diluted solution into a polarographic cell, and add 4 drops of gelatin solution (1%) containing thymol (0.01%) as a preservative. After bubbling H2 gas through the solution for 5 minutes (the use of Na2SO3 as the deoxidizer is not preferable because of its ill-defined wave) to remove the dissolved oxygen, and run the polarogram. Next, measure the temperature of the electrolytic solution to correct the wave height to that at 20° using the temperature coefficient of the diffusion current of chtomate ion (the authors obtained that value as 1.5%/1° under the conditions mentioned above).View full abstractDownload PDF (846K) -
Hidehiro Gotô, Shigerô Ikeda1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 434-436
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPolarographic studies of As3+ in various supporting electrolytes were made, and the method for the polarographic determination of As was established as follows: (1) In sulfuric acid solution (2.5 N) containing acetic acid (0.5 N), ethyl alcohol (50%) and gelatin (0.01%), 1×10−3∼0.5×10−4 mol of arsenic was determined by measuring the wave height at the potential from −0.6 V to −0.8 V. (2) In sulfuric acid solution (1 N) containing manganese sulfate (1 mol), 1×10−3∼0.5×10−4 mol of arsenic was determined by measuring the wave height at the potential from −0.9 V to −1.2 V. Using these results the polarographic determination of arsenic in lead metal was made and 0.003∼0.1% of arsenic was determinedView full abstractDownload PDF (437K) -
Isao Gokyu, Hisashi Suzuki, Tôru Yukawa1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 437-441
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFundamental studies on impact extrusion of round shells were already reported in 1st∼5th report. As the basis of this process applied to rectangular shells, impact extrusion of aluminium and zinc square shells were investigated by the same method. To examine the extrusion forces, we described the influences of various factors on extrusion forces, such as influence of “R” of punch, tapering of punch, rate of extrusion, thickness of the wall of shells, annealing temperature of blanks and extruding temperature, etc. and the forces were calculated from our formula. The method of flow by the use of composite blanks, some defects of the shell, some earing behaviors and their prevention, hardness distribution and microscopical structures of the wall were also described. The textures in both wall and bottom of shells were determined. The experimental results were, in general, nearly in the same tendency as with round shells and we could obtain the basic data for the application of the process to rectangular shells.View full abstractDownload PDF (776K) -
Miyaji Fujisawa1954 Volume 18 Issue 7 Pages 441-444
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe marked effect of prior heat-treatment and structure upon hardenability in high carbon tool steels are now established. A study has been made of the effect of these prior heat-treatment on the austenitic grain-size, grain-growth characteristics and depth of hardening by means of one end quenching and isothermal transformation curves. The amount and size of retained free carbides have a marked influence on hardenability. If the carbides are extremely fine, they tend to increase the critical cooling velocity presumably by the smallest austenitic grain size and by acting as a nuclei for pearlite transformation. Moreover the austenite around a retained free carbide has the upper critical cooling rate higher then the austenitic grain boundary, because the austenite around a retained free carbide decreases readily its carbon concentration for the precipitation of iron carbide along the extrapolation line of Acm during cooling.View full abstractDownload PDF (636K)
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