巻号一覧
51 巻 (2007)
- 4 号 p. 265-
- 3 号 p. 165-
- 2 号 p. 81-
- 1 号 p. 1-
51 巻, 3 号
選択された号の論文の9件中1～9を表示しています
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総説
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現在までの研究事例と今後の課題白井 洋一2007 年 51 巻 3 号 p. 165-186
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/09/20
ジャーナル フリーIn the mid-1990s, commercial cultivation of transgenic insecticidal crops (Bt corn, cotton and potato) began in North America. In 1998 and 1999, some researchers warned that these Bt crops may have unexpected negative effects on nontarget butterflies, beneficial natural enemy insects, and soil fauna. Since then, many peer-reviewed articles have been published about the nontarget effects of transgenic insecticidal crops. Most subsequent studies revealed that Bt corn pollen has no harmful effect on nontarget butterflies in the field. Negative effects on predatory or parasitic insects shown in laboratory experiments have never been demonstrated in greenhouse or field studies. Although assessing the effect on soil fauna is difficult compared with on nontarget butterflies or above-ground natural enemies, none of the reports have documented deleterious effects on soil biota. The current commercially used Bt crops appear to have little significant adverse effect on nontarget fauna. Before the approval of commercial field cultivation, many ecological risk assessments are imposed on new types of transgenic crops (new trait event) and the nontarget effect is an essential part of the risk assessment for transgenic insecticidal crops. Many further articles on the nontarget effect will be published for transgenic insecticidal crops including the current Bt crops.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (408K)
原著
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竹内 正彦2007 年 51 巻 3 号 p. 187-196
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/09/20
ジャーナル フリーAn invasion prevention plan against wild badgers (Meles meles) was designed for a field of cultivated strawberries. Badgers climbed nets using their claws and caused damage in the object field in Fukuyama City, Hiroshima Prefecture, in 2003. After the invasions recurred in 2004, the animal was judged to have been a badger. Subsequently, appropriate netting material that corresponded to the badger's invasion behavior was selected and a method of constructing a defense net was devised: a corrugated plate was placed in the ground of the strawberry field. No invasions occurred during the fruiting period in May 2005, suggesting that this net system was an effective countermeasure. The system completely prevented agricultural damage. Defensive measures against damage by meso-carnivores such as badgers include those that protect against digging animals, climbing animals, and scrambling animals. Against the former, the corrugated plate was effective. Against the latter two, slippery netting material was effective.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (3955K) -
杖田 浩二, 田口 義広, 勝山 直樹2007 年 51 巻 3 号 p. 197-204
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/09/20
ジャーナル フリーThe lethal effect of temperatures of 25, 40, 45, and 50°C on adult and immature stages of the sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B biotype) was examined under laboratory conditions. For all developmental stages, mortality increased as the temperature increased. At 50°C, all adults died within 0.5 h. Similarly, all pupae and larvae died within 7 and 5 h, respectively. The lethal effect of high temperature was also investigated in a greenhouse in which high temperatures were generated from solar radiation by covering the entire greenhouse with vinyl film for a certain period after uprooting all the plants (tomato) in the greenhouse. By the third day of treatment, no adult whitefly was caught in the sticky traps in the greenhouse. This result indicates that high temperatures generated by solar radiation in a closed greenhouse effectively reduce the population density of the sweetpotato whitefly.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (308K) -
相内 大吾, 馬場 ゆき子, 稲見 圭吾, 新屋 良治, 谷 昌幸, 倉持 勝久, 堀江 早弥佳, 小池 正徳2007 年 51 巻 3 号 p. 205-212
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/09/20
ジャーナル フリーIn a previous study, protoplast fusion was performed among 3 strains of the entomopathogenic fungi Verticillium lecanii, as a result of which 174 hybrid strains were obtained. The aim of the present study was to screen desirable hybrid strains that have a wide host range or durable effects. Initially, 43 hybrid strains were used in bioassays against the cotton aphid. Of these strains, 30 induced equal or higher mortality as compared to Vertalec (41.9%). Secondly, 50 hybrid strains were used in bioassays against the greenhouse whitefly. Of these strains, 37 exhibited an equal or higher infection rate as compared to that of Mycotal (36.2%). Finally, 50 hybrid strains were applied to cucumber leaves in order to test strain viability under low humidity conditions (ca. 13% RH). Two weeks after strain application, 17 hybrid strains exhibited equal or higher viability as compared to B-2 (1.5E+03 cfu/cm2). These results indicated some hybrid strains whose parental characteristics had not only recombined but also whose pathogenicity or viability had improved. Finally, we selected 13 candidate hybrid strains that exhibited high values in each experiment, and these hybrid strains can be expected to be highly effective as biological control agents.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (378K) -
？蜿ﾀ 勝彦2007 年 51 巻 3 号 p. 213-220
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/09/20
ジャーナル フリーThe seasonal occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in an apple orchard that was not sprayed with insecticides was investigated for six years (1996–2001). During this period, the total number of insect cadavers collected was 10,411, and the collection in 1998 was about ten times that in 1996. The occurrence fluctuated every year, peaking in September 1996 and 1998, May 1997, and August 1999–2001. The common insect cadavers collected were coleopteran (81.7%), lepidopteran (8.7%), hemipteran (5.8%) and dipteran (1.8%). The major species of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from these cadavers were Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces tenuipes, P. farinosus, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Hirsutella jonesii, accounting for 87.7, 5.7, 2.4, 1.0, and 0.5% of the total number of fungi, respectively. B. bassiana was isolated mainly from carabids, especially Amara congrna. P. farinosus from lepidopteran, hemipteran, and coleopteran, and H. jonesii from the cydnid bug, Adomerus triguttulus. There was a high correlation between the amount of rainfall and the number of insect cadavers collected throughout the years (r=0.94). Thus, it was suggested that the weather, especially the amount of rainfall, greatly influenced the seasonal occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (412K) -
大林 隆司, 竹内 浩二2007 年 51 巻 3 号 p. 221-230
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/09/20
ジャーナル フリーThe distribution and population of the giant African snail, Achatina fulica, were investigated in 1995, 1998 and 2001 on Chichijima and Hahajima islands of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, and the results were compared with those of a previous investigation conducted in 1985. On Chichijima Island, the distribution and population of the snail had decreased dramatically from the level in 1985. In contrast, on Hahajima Island, the snail's distribution and population decreased for a while from 1995 to 1998, but by 2001, its distribution had recovered to the same level, and its population had recovered to 40% of the level in 1985. Moreover, fecundity was higher on Hahajima Island than on Chichijima Island. The distribution and population of the predatory snail, Euglandina rosea, which was introduced to Chichijima Island from Guam in the 1960s, had decreased from the level of 1985. These findings indicate that the circumstances of these two islands, and the respective rates of snail decline, have been different since the 1980s. The cause of the snail's decline since the 1980s has yet to be verified, but it appears that the invasion of Platydemus manokwari, which occurred only on Chichijima Island in the 1990s, and the low fecundity on Chichijima Island, have been largely responsible for the snail's decline there since the 1990s.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (538K) -
滝田 雅美2007 年 51 巻 3 号 p. 231-233
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/09/20
ジャーナル フリーMale adults of Eysarcoris lewisi (Distant) reared with a long photoperiod (16L-8D) attracted conspecific adults and nymphs. Males reared with a short photoperiod (8L-16D) showed no attraction. Seasonal fluctuations of adults and nymphs attracted to males reared with a long photoperiod were investigated using water-pan traps on grasslands in Yamagata Prefecture in 2001–2003. The peak attraction of adults from late May to early June may correspond to the emergence of hibernating adults. Another peak of attracted adults from late June to early August was probably the first generation of adults; therefore, it is likely that a trap baited with males reared with a long photoperiod is useful to identifiy the seasonal prevalence of the occurrence of bugs on grasslands.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (399K)
短報
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小池 正徳, 杉本 みどり, 相内 大吾, 長尾 英幸, 新屋 良治, 谷 昌幸, 倉持 勝久2007 年 51 巻 3 号 p. 234-237
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/09/20
ジャーナル フリーRecently, Verticillium lecanii was transferred and subdivided into mainly Lecanicillium lecanii, L. muscarium, and L. longisporum according to morphological observations and PCR-RFLPs of ITS, mtDNA and β-tubulin. To clarify whether 65 isolates of V. lecanii of mainly Japanese isolates were identified as Lecanicillium spp., conidia size and the formation of secondary phialide formation were investigated under a light microscope, and DNA polymorphism in the β-tubulin gene of V. lecanii was analyzed by PCR-RFLP. These results indicated that the examined isolates belonged to L. muscarium (60 isolates) and L. longisporum (4 isolates), except for one isolate which alone did not belong to both Lecanicillium spp.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (353K) -
舟山 健2007 年 51 巻 3 号 p. 238-240
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/09/20
ジャーナル フリーOviposition and larval development of Halyomorpha halys on Prunus grayana trees in a coppice were investigated in Akita Prefecture, in the northern part of Japan from 2001 to 2003. Overwintered adults were observed on the trees from early June to late July. Most of the females had mature eggs and egg batches were found on the leaves in early June. Many larvae were observed on the trees from mid-June to mid-September, and progeny adults after mid-August. In 2004, 2nd instar larvae were reared on fruits collected from P. grayana trees in the laboratory; the ratio of developing into 3rd instar (developmental ratio) was 25–40% in June to early July, and increased to more than 80% in late August with fruit maturation. P. grayana trees, which grow widely throughout Akita Prefecture, bear many fruits until mid-September. This suggests that P. grayana is certainly a main food source supporting H. halys reproduction, at least in Akita Prefecture.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (391K)
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