巻号一覧
44 巻 (2000)
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44 巻, 3 号
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総説
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積木 久明原稿種別: 総説
専門分野: その他
2000 年 44 巻 3 号 p. 149-154
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル フリーLow temperature tolerance or cold hardiness refers to the capacity of an organism to survive exposure to low temperatures. The tolerance is commonly divided into two classes, freeze susceptible and freeze tolerant. Since freeze susceptible insects cannot survive ice formation in their bodies, they enhance their supercooling capacity in winter to decrease the probability of freezing. In contrast, freeze tolerant insects can survive the extracellular freezing, but not intracellular freezing. In this paper the mechanisms of low temperature tolerance and the role of ice nuclei in larvae of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker are reviewed. Both non-diapausing and diapausing larvae were freeze tolerant even though the freeze tolerance of the former was much lower than that of the latter. High levels of glycerol were produced in the haemolymph from glycogen in the fat body as a cryoprotectant in overwintering larvae during pre-diapause to diapause stages in the field. An increase in freeze tolerance in the diapausing larvae coincided with an increase in glycerol content in the haemolymph. A number of factors involved in the regulation of crystallization temperature were identified. Ice nucleating active fungus. Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans, was present in the gut of non-diapausing larvae as an exogenous ice nucleus and induced freezing at relatively high subzero-temperatures. As food particles including the fungus in the gut of overwintering larvae were excreted in autumn, the crystallization temperature of the gut decreased. Instead of the exogenous ice nuclei, endogenous potent ice nucleating active proteins were produced in the muscle and epidermis, thereby, allowing overwintering larvae to avoid the potentially lethal effects of intracellular freezing. The nuclei were present in the cell membranes of these tissues and induced freezing of the haemolymph to prevent intracellular freezing. Endogenous ice nuclei and high glycerol content enhance overwintering survival in rice stem borer larvae.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (480K) -
齋藤 哲夫, 山下 興亜, 宮田 正原稿種別: 総説
専門分野: その他
2000 年 44 巻 3 号 p. 155-164
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル フリーMost insecticides are nerve poisons. Organochlorines and pyrethroids affect the nerve membranes and induce electrophysiological effects; organophosphates and carbamates inhibit acetylcholinesterases; nicotine, nereistoxins and chlornicotinyl insecticides affect acetylcholine receptors; avermectins affect GABA receptors; and attractants, repellents, antifeedants and pheromones affect sensory organs. Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis affect the insect mid gut; organofluorids and arsenates affect energy production; rotenone, dinitrophenols and HCN inhibit respiratory mechanisms; and benzoylphenylureas, buprofezin and JH mimics affect insect growth. These classifications are based on the target and primary action of the compounds. A mode of action study should include definitive information of the sequential processes that lead to death of the animal. These are highly complicated processes and effects of the primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. actions on the intact animal should be considered. Few entomologists studied insect toxicology before the 2nd World War. Successful progress in insect toxicology has been stimulated by the development of insect physiology, insect biochemistry, radio tracer techniques, chromatography, electrophysiology, etc. along with the collaborated development of new synthetic insecticides. Risk assessment of insecticides has been performed not only by evaluation of acute toxicity but also chronic toxicity, carcinogenecity, mutagenecity and propagation by Good Laboratory Practices, environmental assessment, etc. Safeties of insecticides were assured by insecticide registration laws. However, the risk assessment of insecticides seems to be unsatisfactory from the view point of endocrine disruption. Mode of action of endocrine disruption compounds is so complicated that experiments on the mode of action of these compounds must cover many related organs and physiological actions through successive generations. As we cite in this review, a report was withdrawn or others have objections. These show how difficult to draw conclusions on endocrine disruption of compounds. Regarding risk assessment of insecticides, we must carefully discuss data in a realistic and science-based manner.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (938K)
原著
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伊澤 宏毅, 藤井 和則, 的場 達矢原稿種別: 原著
専門分野: その他
2000 年 44 巻 3 号 p. 165-171
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル フリーEfficacy of a mating disruptor against multiple species of lepidopterous insects was tested in Japanese pear orchards in Tottori, Japan during 1997, with the goal of reducing the amounts of insecticides and acaricides applied. Three experimental plots were set up as follows: (1) conventional control plots in which insecticides and acaricides were sprayed 14 times; (2) treatment with the mating disruptor, “Confuzer-p®” and applications of insecticides reduced to 20% of the conventional control (Plot 1); and (3) use of the mating disruptor and 35% of the conventional control insecticide application (Plot 2). The mating disruptor seemed to be effective against Homona magnanima, Adoxophyes honmoi and Carposina niponensis in terms of the number of male moths caught in the sex pheromone trap and the percentage of injured fruit. Reduced applications of insecticides conserved to some degree the predators of spider mites, especially the predaceous thrips, Scolothrips takahashii. Acaricide application was therefore reduced to one time in Plot 1 and none in Plot 2 as compared with twice in the conventional control plot. The occurrence of minor insect pests, Eumeta japonica, Ascotis selenaria and Euproctis spp., tended to increase in Plots 1 and 2. These insects injured the pear shoots, although injury to the fruit was negligible. The cost of the control measures in Plots 1 and 2 was around 1,400 US dollars per ha as compared with 1,300 dollars in the conventional control plot.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (713K) -
II.殺虫活性の特性橋本 庸三原稿種別: 短報
専門分野: その他
2000 年 44 巻 3 号 p. 173-176
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル フリーWhen the liquid culture of bacterial isolate (HS870031) showing toxic activity against aphids was centrifuged into the supernatant and pellet, only the supernatant caused high mortality in the foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani. However, the pellet did induce low mortality. Spraying with the supernatant of HS870031 cultured for 16 h resulted in high mortality of A. solani nymphs and the supernatant cultured for 20 h induced high mortality in adults. When sucking time become longer and inoculum dose was more concentrated, the number of living cells in aphids increased with the peroral inoculation of the bacterial isolate (HP890972). When HP890972 cells were perorally inoculated to aphids, the survival period of aphids was decreased depending on the dose concentration. HP890972 cells were constantly recovered from dead aphids at approximately 107 cfu/aphid regardless of dose concentration.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (555K) -
II.発病に及ぼす温度の影響と体内への侵入時間増田 俊雄原稿種別: 原著
専門分野: その他
2000 年 44 巻 3 号 p. 177-182
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル フリーIn order to use an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, as a microbial control agent for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, the mortality patterns at various temperatures and the conidial invasion time after inoculation were investigated. When larvae were inoculated with a suspension of the B. bassiana strain MG-Bb-1 (1×107 conidia/ml), mortalities of >95% were obtained regardless of the incubation temperature. However, the longevities of infected larvae were prolonged as temperature decreased. The mean longevity±S.D. were 2.1±0.2, 2.0±0.2, 2.0±0.2, 2.8±0.4, 3.9±0.4, 5.1±0.6, 9.9±1.0, and 13.9±1.6 days at 30, 27, 25, 20, 18, 15, 11 and 7°C, respectively. The mortality patterns in larvae exposed to cycles of 25°C (12 h) and 15°C (12 h) was very similar to that in larvae reared at a constant temperature of 20°C. These results indicate that the speed of killing depends on a thermal constant. The conidial invasion into the host began approximately 7 h post-inoculation and was completed in 15 h.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (542K) -
香川 清彦, 稲泉 三丸, 高橋 滋原稿種別: 原著
専門分野: その他
2000 年 44 巻 3 号 p. 183-187
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル フリーAphis indigoferae was described by Shinji (1922), based on specimens from Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria Matsum. (Leguminosae), in Kyushu, Japan, but since then this species has been treated as an indeterminate species, a synonym of Aphis craccivora Koch, or a valid species. In this study, morphological and biological differences between two species are made clear. The longest setae on antennal segment III and abdominal tergite VIII of A. indigoferae were longer than those of A. craccivora. The life cycle in Utsunomiya, Tochigi Pref., Honshu was monoecious holocyclic on I. pseudo-tinctoria, and alate males and oviparae were produced by apterous sexuparae. Descriptions of sexuals (male and ovipara) and fundatrix, and new records of the species from several localities in Honshu are given.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (641K) -
曽根 晃一, 宇都 一輝, 福山 周作, 永野 武志原稿種別: 原著
専門分野: その他
2000 年 44 巻 3 号 p. 189-196
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル フリーWe allowed the oak borer, Platypus quercivorus, to construct galleries in fresh logs of Pasania edulis in an evergreen broad-leaved forest during a period from June to December 1997 and counted the number of adults that emerged from each gallery in the autumn of 1997 and summer of 1998. Attack by this species, namely the start of gallery construction, was observed from early June to early October in 1997. The distribution patterns of entry holes changed from uniform to contagious with the increment of their density. Reproductive success was lower for galleries started after August than those started in June and July, from which new adults emerged in September and October 1997. The galleries started after the end of August did not develop well and failed to produce any new adults. These results suggest that the time of attack is very important for reproductive success of this species and that adults should start gallery construction by the end of July to produce a considerable number of new adult beetles. The construction of galleries by new adults in autumn may contribute little to the population dynamics of this species.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (708K)
短報
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植松 秀男, 山下 勉原稿種別: 短報
専門分野: その他
2000 年 44 巻 3 号 p. 197-200
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル フリーSex allocation of the parasitoid, Oomyzus sokolowskii, emerging from host pupae collected in 12 cabbage fields and the seasonal changes in the population were examined. The number of wasps emerging from one host changed seasonally with an average of 10.9 wasps from spring to summer and 8.6 from autumn to winter. Although wasps of both sexes emerged from one host at the same time, a combination of one male with several females was observed in 65% of the hosts collected. In autumn (September to November), sex ratio changed in proportion to the number of wasps emerging from one host. The emergence of more than 12 wasps resulted in a sex ratio biased to male.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (225K)
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