We have discussed in detail the optimum pre-mordanting conditions of vanadium in the dyeing of wool with sumac gallnut as a natural plant dye. The optimum conditions of pre-mordanting were 5 mM of vanadium at 100 ℃ and 50 % owf of sumac gallnut. After mordanting, vanadium was distributed over the wool epidermis. The resultant vanadium black complex plays an important role in developing the colored products, with sumac gallnut having a low affinity for wool. To develop the dyeing method with excellent utility, we compared the toxicities of vanadyl sulfate with those of copper sulfate to Oryzias latipes. We showed that vanadyl sulfate is less toxic than copper sulfate. Moreover, experimental calculations of vanadium concentration showed that the low concentration of vanadium used in the present study has toxicity similar to that found in nature.

In order to examine the quantitative effects of moisture permeability of clothes on clothing climate, blouse type film clothes made of films with different porosities, that is, having a holes of 0mm, 3mm, 6mm and 7.5mm in diameter per 4 cm² respectively, were made and used for wearing test in a climatic chamber at 34℃ and 50%. The temperature and humidity inside the film clothes, sweat rate and subjective ratings such as humid and comfort sensation were determined. The subjects consisted of 7 young females. The results were summarized as follow: ①Air and moisture permeability of the film increased and thermal insulation decreased with increasing porosity. ②As results of the analysis of variance on wearing tests, both factors A (porosity of film clothes) and B (experimental condition) showed a significant difference of 1% level for each temperature and humidity inside the clothes, and only factory A showed a significant difference for the sweat rate. ③Both heat resistance (Rd) and evaporative heat resistance (Re) of the film measured through a skin model test decreased with the porosity of the film in the case of an existing air layer beneath the film. ④Re showed a high correlations with humidity inside clothes and sweat rate, suggesting that Re was a dominant factor for determining the clothing climate, sweat rate and comfort sensation of subject. ⑤In addition, the difference between moisture permeability of perforated film and textile clothes was discussed.