Lactose was thermally degradated by heating at 200°C for 20 hr. The following volatile compounds were formed: 4-methyl-2-butenoic acid-γ-lactone (1), methyl furuoate (2), levulinic acid (3), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (4), levogalactosan (5), levoglucosan (6), 1, 6-anhydro-α-D-galactofuranose (7), 1, 6-anhydro-β-D-glucofuranose (8), two lactone isomers (C₆H₈O₄, 9 and 10), the derived lactone from 9 (Mw 244) (11), an unidentified carbonyl (Mw 270) and other four compounds.
By treatment of D-glucose and D-galactose under the same conditions, 1, 3, 4, 6 and 8 were formed mainly from D-glucose, and 5 and 7 were formed mainly from D-galactose. Though 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde dimer (the derived difuryl ether) were yielded by treatment of 4, they were not detected in lactose pyrolysate.

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Sotolon and nine analogues were tested in this study. All tested compounds exhibited attractant activity against the housefly and German cockroach but the effectiveness varied with the analogues. 5-Ethyl-sotolon had the lowest attraction threshold and showed superior activity to sotolon. Several bait preparations containing sotolon with trichlorphon, sugar and water produced high lethal responses in the housefly regardless of the test space volume, and they were useful in controlling this insect.

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The comparative attractant activity of (RS)-sotolon and newly synthesized (S)- and (R)-sotolon was tested on the housefly and German cockroach. Both enantiomers as well as (RS)-sotolon attracted the housefly and cockroach. No significant differences were found in their attractant activity, indicating that the optical isomerism in the sotolon molecule was not an important factor in attractant activity.

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Formaldehyde in hospital waste water(10, 000_??_20, 000mg/liter) was decomposed by treatment with slaked lime. The degree of decomposition was dependent on the HCHO and Ca(OH)₂ concentrations, reaction temperature and time. Some reducing sugars were newly formed, concomitantly with HCHO decomposition. When hospital waste water with 14, 000mg/liter of HCHO a nd 40, 000mg/liter of COD was allowed to react with 0.5% Ca(OH)₂ (30°C for 22hr), HCHO decreased to less than 5mg/liter, and reducing sugars were formed at over 4000mg/liter. On the other hand, COD decreased only slightly by this Ca(OH)₂ treatment. The Ca(OH)₂-treated formalin waste thus obtained was not only non-toxic to the growth of some tested bacteria, but served as a carbon source for the growth of a Pseudomonas strain. These results suggest that hospital waste water containing fair amounts of HCHO can be made innocuous by the activated-sludge method when pretreated with Ca(OH)₂ to decompose HCHO.

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The constituents of essential oils obtained from mesocarps, seeds and leaves of L. obtusiloba Blume grown in Nose-cho (Osaka prefecture) and P. trilobum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Nakai grown in Shiga-cho (Shiga prefecture), were investigated by chromato-graphical and spectral methods.
The major oil components in L. obtusiloba Blume were:
Mesocarp oil: α-humulene (21.45%), myrcene (20.60%), humulol (6.03%) and bornyl acetate (5.06%).
Seed oil: 5-dodecanolide (15.29%), lauric acid (8.74%), bornyl acetate (5.01%)and cis-4-dode-cenoic acid (4.07%).
Leaf oil: caryophyllene (7.37%), elemol (5.06%) and unidentified sesquiterpene oxidated compound (7.96%).
The major oil components in P. trilobum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Nakai were:
Mesocarp oil: trans-β-ocimene (34.88%), limonene (17.96%) and caryophyllene (16.76%).
Seed oil: decanoic acid (23.08%), ethyl decanoate (17.06%) and 2-undecanone (5.18%).
Leaf oil: delovanone (23.47%), o-cresol (8.24%) and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6.83%).

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When protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae X 2180 were cultured in liquid medium (pH 7.2_??_7.4) containing zymolyase 60, 000 and 1 _M sorbitol, they became progressively larger as cultivation was prolonged. The giant-protoplasts derived after an 18 hr incubation of normal protoplasts reached an average diameter of 13.44 μm. The amount of DNA in the giant-protoplasts increased by about 10 times compared with the original cells, and the fermentation activity was 3.5 times higher than the original cells. There were no mannan or protein antigens on the surface of the giant-protoplasts, but some mannan and protein antigens were reconstituted on the surface when zymolyase was omitted from the culture medium.

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