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Volume 27, Issue 11
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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ON THE CHANGE OF NITROGENOUS COMPONENT OF GELIDIUM AMANSII LMX. CULTURED WITH DIFFERENT NITROGEN SOURCESNobuo YAMADA1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 953-957
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe manure effects of four N-compounds, NH4NO3, NaNO3, NaNO2, and CO (NH2)2, for Gelidium amansii which was cultured in the sea water added various quantities of these compounds (2, 5, 10 ppm in N-content) were comparatively examined.
1. Maximum increases in the contents of total-N and protein-N were found in the plants cultured in the sea water containing 5 ppm as NH4NO3-N. Now it is judged by the writer that NH4NO3 is the best as the manure of Gelidium amansii. The plants, however, were injured in the sea water containing more than 10 ppm as NH4NO3-N.
2. Since some increases in two forms of nitrogen of the plants were found by the addition of NaNO3 to culture sea water, this N-compound may be effective as the manure.
3. Since NaNO2 was hardly absorbed into the plants or even if it was absorbed it did not reduce in the plants, it is not effective as the manure.
4. CO(NH2)2 gave some effect to the nitrogen contents, and the plants were injured in the sea water containing 10 ppm as CO (NH2)2-N.View full abstractDownload PDF (361K) -
EFFECTS OF ADDING A SMALL NUMBER OF LARGER INDIVIDUALS TO THE EXPERIMENTAL BATCHES OF CARP FRY AND OF CULTURE DENSITY UPON THE OCCURRENCE OF SHOOT CARPNakaroku NAKAMURA, Shôgorô KASAHARA1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 958-962
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe authors have ecologically studied the phenomenon of the so-called Tobi-koi or shoot carp and made clear the following facts in their three reports published: (1) The shoot carp appear at very early stages of growth in which carp fry begin to feed on cladocerans. (2) With an insufficient amount of food and with food of particles of various sizes the shoot carp occur more conspicuously than to the contrary. (3) In batch of carp from which the shoot carp have been removed new shoot ones can appear again. And, (4) the shoot carp do not occur when carp fry are cultured in individual vessels and given a sufficient amount of food, that is, when there is no competition for food among them.
In the present report the authors consider results of culture in which a batch of carp fry is supplied with a little larger individuals and influence of the relation between culture density and amount of food upon the occurrence of shoot carp. The following results were obtained;
(1) When experimental batches of carp fry are reared after 5 or 10% of a little larger individuals are added to them, the added larger individuals show a faster growth and take the form of shoot carp. The original experimental animals grow evenly and the shoot carp do not appear among them.
(2) Carp fry were reared with various densities. If the amount of food are varied proportionally with the culture density, there is little difference in the occurrence of shoot carp among the experimental batches. But when the amount of food is the same in all the experimental batches and thus the space and amount of food available for an animal are varied with the culture density, the occurrence of shoot carp is much more remarkable with the higher densities, i. e., with the smaller amount of food available for an individual, than to the contrary.View full abstractDownload PDF (187K) -
FOR CHUM SALMON (Oncorhynchus keta) 1961Kisaburo TAGUCHI1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 963-971
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to consider the gillent fisheries operated in the North Pacific from the view point of full utilization of salmon resources, it is necessary to estimate the difference between the increase in weight by the growth of salmon and the decrease in weight by the natural death in the term of migration from offshore to coast.
As to the growth rate, it has been shown in the previous paper, thence an estimate of the instantaneous rate of natural mortality in chum salmon was tried in this paper. And the consideration for the rationality of offshore fishing for chum salmon has been given on the basis of above estimate.
Adopting the symbols as below, the next formulas are given.
R0……Size of mature salmon run in number of fish in offshore waters.
R……Size of mature salmon run in number of fish in coastal areas.
C……Catch of offshore fishing.
C1……Catch of coastal fishing.
M0……Instantaneous rate of natural mortality.
M1……Instantaneous rate of mortality by net mark.
F0……Instantaneous rate of fishing mortality.
F1……Instantaneous rate of occurrence of net mark.
t0……Term of offshore fishing (Number of day)
t1……Term of migration from offshore to coast.
R0e-(M0+M1)(1/2t0+t1)[1-e-(F0+F1)t0]F1/F0+F1=0.15R…………(1)
0.85R=R0e- ?? M0(1/2t0+t1)+(F0+F1)t0 ?? ……………………………(2)
e-(F0+F1)t0=0.55…………………………………………(3)
1-e-(F0+F1)t0=C(F0+F1)/R0F0…………………………………(4)
M0+M1=0.0197…………………………………………(5)
R=C1/ƒ…………………………………………………(6)
In above formulas next data were used. 1) Numbers of net marked fishes have occupied 15% of R. 2) The value of M0+M1 was given by the results of tagging experiments in which the fishes used for tagging were caught by gillnet. 3) Assuming that R1 is the size of mature salmon run in the coastal areas when offshore fishing has not exist, the size of R1 in the case of which the offshore fishing has exist is estimated as shown in Table 3 by the repreduction curve which drawn by the data obtained during 1940 to 1952. As the results of calculation, the value of R/R1 was estimated at 0.65. Applying t0=t1=50, and ƒ=0.5 or 0.6, the value of M0•M1•F0,View full abstractDownload PDF (499K) -
FOR RED SALMON (Oncorhynchus nerka) 1961Kisaburo TAGUCHI1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 972-978
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs to the consideration about the rationality of offshore fishing for chum salmon, it has been tried in the previous paper (1) of this report on the basis of the estimation of the instantaneous rate of natural mortality.
Also in red salmon, since the same kinds of data have been given, the same estimation and consideration for red salmon were tried with the same purpose and method.
Adopting the symbols as bellow equally in the case of chum salmon, next formulas are given.
R0……Size of mature salmon run in number of fish in offshore waters.
R……Size of mature salmon run in number of fish in coastal areas.
C……Catch of offshore fishing.
C1……Catch of coastal fishing.
M0……Instantaneous rate of natural mortality.
M1……Instantaneous rate of mortality by net-mark.
F0……Instantaneous rate of fishing mortality.
F1……Instantaneous rate of occurrence of net-mark.
t0……Term of offshore fishing (Number of day).
t1……Term of migration from offshore to coast (Number of day).
R0[1-e-(F0+F1)t0]F1/F0+F1e-(M0+M1)(1/2t0+t1)=0.15R…………(1)
R0e- ?? M0(1/2t0+t1)+(F0+F1)t0 ?? =0.85……………………………(2)
e-(F0+F1)t0=0.395…………………………………………(3)
1-e-(F0+F1)t0=C(F0+F1)/R0F0…………………………………(4)
M0+M1=0.0374…………………………………………(5)
In above formulas next data were used. 1) Numbers of net-marked fishes have occupied 15% of R. 2) Assuming R1 to be the size of mature salmon run in the coastal areas when the offshore fishing does not exist, R/R1=e-(F0+F1)t0/0.85=0.465 as shown in the appendix (1). 3) R and C are 1, 920, 000 and 6, 600, 000 respectively as shown in appendix (2) and (3). 4) The value of M0+M1 is 0.0374. This was calculated with the results of tagging experiment shown in appendix (4).View full abstractDownload PDF (359K) -
Yasuo OHSHIMA, SANG Choe1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 979-986
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOtr experiments carried out at the Ikawazu Fisheries Laboratory, Tokyo University in 1960 proved that the fry of the squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, could be grown on a live mysisshrimp, Neomysis japonica, in tanks with running water, and also the rearing tried in 1961 by the same method went successfully in three species of cuttlefishes, Sepia esculenta, Sepia subaculeata and Sepiella maindroni.
1) The fry of cuttlefish and squid begin to hunt almost within 24 hours after hatching, their prey then being tiny crustaceans, such as mysis and the other larvae of shrimps. The fry of these Cephalopods appear to find sufficient nutriment in only the live mysis during the period immediately after emergence from the egg until they grow a month old. At the end of this period the fry fed sufficiently grew up to be the mantle-length of about 20mm in the cuttlefishes and 30mm in the squid. The rate of survival in every one of these species was much high, amounting to more than 80 per cent of the original fry.
2) In the Sepia and Sepiella, as they grow older, living food materials could be replaced by minced fish meat or salted mysis-shrimp placed on the bottom of tank, but such replacement seemed to be difficult in the Sepioteuthis, because they hardly cared for the dead or motionless prey.
3) Among the Sepia and other species there are some differences not only in the feeding habit as mentioned above, but in the swimming activity observed in tanks. The Sepia being rather sluggish, although S. subaculeata swims slowly about near the bottom at times, usually lie on the bottom. On the other hand the Sepiella and Sepioteuthis swim about actively and in schools.View full abstractDownload PDF (428K) -
Nobuo HIRAYAMA1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 987-989
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe horizontal catch distribution along the main line was treated with the data on the catch (chiefly, yellowfin tuna) and it was found that the rate of exploitation increase moderately in proportion as the line-hauling went on (Fig. 1).View full abstractDownload PDF (173K) -
STRONTIUM-CALCIUM DISCRIMINATION IN GILL EXCRETIONRyushi ICHIKAWA, Mikio OGURI, Naoko FUKUDA1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 990-995
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGill-perfusing experiment was carried out, using Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, to investigate the behaviour of strontium and calcium at the gill excretion in fishes. As the internal perfusion solution, various media were used, such as KEY'S physiological saline solution, blood serum of horse or that of eel, and the following results were obtained.
1) In case of using the physiological saline solution, the discrimination was observed between strontium and calcium, and calcium is more easily excreted than strontium at the gill excretion of these minerals. The discrimination rate (DRgill excretive) was 0.74 in this case.
2) In case of using the blood sera of horse and eel, this rate of discrimination was 1.00 and 0.90, respectively. In the former case, in other words, no discrimination was observed between the behaviour of strontium and calcium. In the latter case, which corresponded to the natural condition of eel, calcium was excreted a little more easily than strontium.
3) Discussion was made on these various discrimination rates obtained in the perfusion experiments of gill excretion. Strontium-calcium discrimination in gill excretion does not seem to contribute much to overall discrimination between water and fish body.
The authors wish to express their cordial thanks to Dr. T. FUKAZAWA, Tokyo Metropolitan Meat Inspector Office, and Mr. T. SANO, Tokyo University of Fisheries, and members of Sanwa Fresh Water Fish Co. Ltd., for the facilities they gave to authors during the collection of blood sera of horse and eel.View full abstractDownload PDF (331K) -
Takashi HIBIYA, Mikio OGURI1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 996-1000
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) Absorption rate of some poisonous metals from the gill of fish was measured using the radioactive nuclides. Fish used was Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica and the following result was obtained. Zinc, mercury, chromium and silver are absorbed at the rate of 0.7-4.1×10-6, 0.3-3.2×10-5, 0.8-1.9×10-8 and 1.2-4.2×10-7mg per hour, respectively.
2) Distribution and accumulation of above mentioned nuclides in goldfish body was investigated. The results obtained are different according to the kind of nuclide. Zinc, mercury, chromium and silver are accumulated abundantly on intestine, kidney, head kidney and liver, respectively.
The authors wish to express their cordial thanks to Dr. R. ICHIKAWA, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, for his kind advice given to authors during the experiment.View full abstractDownload PDF (293K) -
ACETONE-SOLUBLE LIPID FROM LIVER OF SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS MASOU.Mutsuo HATANO, Kõichi ZAMA, Hisanao IGARASHI1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 1001-1004
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe acetone-soluble lipid was obtained in the yield of 6.54% from liver of salmon, Oncorhynchus masou.
This lipid had the properties as shown in Table 1.
The composition of the fatty acids of the acetone-soluble lipid was as follows: saturated C14 1.8, C16 10.8, C18 3.7, C20 0.3, unsaturated C14 0.2 (-2.0 H), C16 1.1 (-2.0 H), C18 35.6 (-2.7 H), C20 24.4 (-6.4 H), C22 21.5 (-7.2 H) and C24 0.6%.View full abstractDownload PDF (226K) -
LECITHIN FROM LIVER OF SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS MASOU.Kõichi ZAMA, Mutsuo HATANO, Hisanao IGARASHI1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 1005-1008
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLecithin was isolated from liver of salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, through a cadmium chloride complex and further purified by the alumina adsorption technique. The results ob-tained in this experiment are shown in Table 1.
Composition of the component fatty acids of lecithin presented in Table 4 shows a difference between the component fatty acid of lecithin and that of acetone-soluble lipid from liver of salmon.View full abstractDownload PDF (204K) -
LIQUID ACIDS IN THE UNPLEASANT ODOROUS ISOLATE FROM RAIN SPOILT DRIED-SQUIDTei YAMANISHI, Toshiko KIRIBUCHI, Michiko ISHIWATA1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 1009-1013
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was found that i-valeric acid is one of the main components of offensive odor characteristic to rain spoilt dried-squids.
Both i-valeric acid, and oxyhexanoic acid previously reported1) seemed to be produced from leucine, and the amounts of these acids may depend upon the conditions of being spoilt.
Besides i-valeric acid, small amounts of acetic-, propionic-, i-butyric-, n-butyric- and i-caproic acid were found in the liquid part of isolate from rain spoilt dried-squids, by gas chromatography. These acids also contributed to the unpleasant odor to some extent.View full abstractDownload PDF (243K) -
CONTENTS OF GLYCOLYTIC INTERMEDIATESFumio NAGAYAMA1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 1014-1017
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome glycolytic intermediates in muscle of seabass were analysed by column chromatography or by other methods.
Levels of glycogen, lactic acid, inorganic phosphate, free glucose and acid soluble hexose were higher in caudal muscle than in other muscles, while levels of hexose phosphates and pentose phosphates were higher in dorsal muscle.
Glucose-6-phosphate showed the highest level among hexose phosphates, it was suggested that glucose-6-phosphate plays an important role in glycolysis.
Glycogen and adenosine triphosphate disappeared at an early stage of the post mortem change. Free sugars, hexose phosphates and adenosine phosphates decreased at the later stage of the storage, while inorganic phosphate increased rapidly. Level of lactic acid did not change in a uniform manner of either decrease or increase.
There were some differences in contents of these substances between dark muscle and skeletal muscle.View full abstractDownload PDF (273K) -
SOME SPECIFICITIES OF MUSCLE PHOSPHORYLASEFumio NAGAYAMA1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 1018-1021
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeparation and purification of muscle phosphorylase from seabass were tried, and some specificities of the emzyme were investigated.
The enzyme preparation showed the specific activity twenty times higher than the crude muscle extract, but the enzyme was not obtained in crystalline form. It was considered that the total activity of phosphorylase in the muscle of seabass is one fourteenth of the phosphorylase content in rabbit muscle.
The enzyme of seabass showed the maximum activity at 37°C, although the enzyme of rainbow trout showed the maximum activity at 25°C. The existences of two types of phosphorylase, a and b, were demonstrated by the experiment with the effect of adenylic acid (5'-AMP). Starch and 3'-AMP did not induce the enzyme action.View full abstractDownload PDF (242K) -
DIFFERENCES OF PHOSPHORYLASE ACTIVITY DUE TO THE PART AND THE FRESHNESS OF MUSCLEFumio NAGAYAMA1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 1022-1025
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSActivity of muscle phosphorylase of seabass was determined on the crude extracts which were prepared from the muscles at different parts of body and from the muscles of different freshness.
The highest enzyme activity was observed in the extract from caudal muscle, and the lowest in the extract from ventral muscle. Change of the enzyme activity due to different freshness of muscle was very slow, but cold storage did not inhibit completely the loss of the enzyme activity.
The enzyme reaction was accelerated by the addition of urethane and sodium chloride of low concentration, and inhibited by nitrofurazone, chlortetracyclin and sodium chloride of high concentration. The crude enzyme solution was found to be comparatively resistant to proteolytic activity of pancreatin.View full abstractDownload PDF (189K) -
PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASEFumio NAGAYAMA1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 1026-1028
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe author supposed previously that glucose-6-phosphate plays an important role in glycolysis as it is found in high level in the muscle of seabass. On the other hand, glucose-6-phosphate produces brown color by the reaction with amino acid. Therefore, glucose-6-phosphate in muscle is an important compound not only in physiology but in food processing.
The present paper deals with phosphoglucomutase which catalyses the reaction, G-1-P ?? G-6-P. Caudal muscle showed the highest activity of phosphoglucomutase and ventral muscle showed the lowest. Loss of the enzyme activity by the change of freshness of muscle was slow. After storage of 2 days at 25°C, 47% of the enzyme activity was found. Optimum temperature for the enzyme action was 45°C, and the activity was found to cover a wide range of temperature. The influence of the reagents such as urethane, CTC, nitrofurazone and sodium chloride on the enzyme were not so clear.View full abstractDownload PDF (168K) -
PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE AND LACTIC DEHYDROGENASEFumio NAGAYAMA1961 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 1029-1031
Published: November 25, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGlucose-6-phosphate is converted to F-6-P reversibly by the action of phosphoglucose isomerase. These relating two hexose phosphates, G-6-P and F-6-P, cause the browning in the presence of amino acid2).
In the present experiment, phosphoglucose isomerase activity of seabass was determined, and the relationships between the parts or the freshness of the muscle and the enzyme activity were investigated. Caudal muscle showed the highest enzyme activity, and the loss of the activity during the storage was slow as the case with phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase.
This paper also deals with lactic dehydrogenase which catalyses the oxidoreductic reaction of lactate and pyruvate. Though lactic acid has been considered as a terminal product in glycolytic cycle, the level of lactic acid in muscle was found to be lower than those expected from the post-mortem decrease of glycogen. In this experiment, the post mortem loss of the activity of lactic dehydrogenase was very rapid in the muscle of seabass. Thus, it was suggested that glycogen in muscle decomposes without the accumulation of lactic acid.View full abstractDownload PDF (190K)
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