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Volume 44, Issue 9
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
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Takeshi KAJIHARA, Yoshinori URA, Nobuo ITO1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 949-953
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMussel (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis LAMARCK) is the most important animal in the inter-tidal sessile fauna of Tokyo Bay. The settlement of young mussel to the mussel beds occurred during the period from March to September with the peak May to July in Tokyo and Yokohama Harbors, and occurred throughout the year with the peak May to August in Yokosuka Harbor.
The growth and mortality were studied on the mussel population found on a horizontal plane (D. L.+1m) in the intertidal zone of Yokohama Harbor. The linear growth of shell length was found during the warm season (April to December), but the growth was almost absent during the winter. The annual variations in growth were illustrated for two different year mussels, i.e. the mean shell sizes of one yearage mussels settled in 1973 and 1974 were 33mm and 28mm, respectively. The life span of mussels after settlement was about two years. The monthly mortality rates of juvenile mussels (less than 20mm in shell length) settled in 1974 and 1975 were 25% and 55%. respectively. Increases of mussel biomass during the spring to summer and the fall were caused by growth in 0 and one year-age mussels of same year settlement, and decreases of the biomass occurred in August and January when the maximum solar radiation and colder weather seemed to contribute to mass mortality of mussels during the exposure to the air.View full abstractDownload PDF (404K) -
Jyo TAKI1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 955-960
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of ingested food stuff on the formation of growth lines in test plates of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus intermedius, were studied with the aid of tetracycline labelling. From November, 1969, to the following April, sea urchins were reared in three aquaria, each of which contained a different alga, Laminaria japonica var. ochotensis, Rhodaglossum japonicum and Ulva pertusa, respectively. Tetracycline injections were made through the peristirnial membrane in December and March.
Those fed Laminaria showed higher value in 1) amount of food ingested, 2) amount of food assimilated and 3) assimilation efficiency and the highest growth rate of the test plate was obtained in this group. The growth was observed as a pigmented zone bordered on both sides by a fluorescent tetracycline band parallel to the longitudinal suture. No such sharp pigmentation pattern was observed in the other groups fed on Rhodoglossum and Ulva.
The growth lines were clearly observed between apical and ambitus regions of the test which showed the highest growth rate in the test plates, while they were not clear on the test plates of oral region in the same individuals.
The growth rate of the test plate correlated with the amount of food assimilated, and the clarity of the growth lines was affected by the growth rate of the test plate.View full abstractDownload PDF (567K) -
Dispersion and RecaptureKatsumi TSUKAMOTO, Takeshi KAJIHARA, Shinji MASUDA, Yukihiko MORI1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 961-964
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis is a study of the movements of hatchery-reared juveniles of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, released in a river, to determine the effect of the release point on the distribution and the recapture of ayu.
The distribution of 17, 000 hatchery-reared ayu released in the Tsubusa river, Oita Pref., Japan in 1975 was observed for 10 days after the release. The distribution of recapture, which occurred from June to October, was recorded. The distribution and relative density on the 10th day after the release were estimated by the density of feeding marks on the rocks.
The downstream and upstream dispersal speeds were 0.8km/day and 0.3km/day respectively. Most of the released fish swam downstream and considerable numbers of them apparently left the study area and never returned to the area because of the dam. The majority of fish remaining in the stocking area was distributed downstream of the release point. The dispersion that occurred within 10 days seems to determine the distribution of ayu throughout the fishing season. The low recapture rate of hatchery-reared ayu seems to be due to the high loss of fish from the stocking area during this period. Consequently the recapture may be increased by releasing fish at the uppermost part of the stocking area.View full abstractDownload PDF (300K) -
Group Effect on the Oxygen Consumption of the RAinbow Trout and the MedadaYasuo ITAZAWA, Tsutomu MATSUMOTO, Takeshi KANDA1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 965-969
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffect of group size or number of individuals in a group on the rate of oxygen consumption were studied with rainbow trout of 7-23g and medaka or Japanese killifish of 180-490rng, at 10-12 and 20-21°C. respectively.
Oxygen consumption per unit weight was lower in grouped fish or fish in a larger group than that in an isolated fish or fish in a smaller group. in both the species. The group effect was still recognized in a group of 24 trout bred in a group of 20.000 fish, while not recognized in a group of 17 trout bred in a group of 30 fish (Table 1). The group effect in medaka was still manifested in the dark. but it was much reduced compared with that in the light (Fig. 3).
These facts imply that grouped fish or fish in a large group feel easy mainly by visual contact with fellow fish and reduce their oxygen consumption, while an isolated fish or fish in a small group feel uneasy and exhibit a higher rate of oxygen consumption.View full abstractDownload PDF (402K) -
Sinking Rates and Distance of Transport of the Faeces of Japanese OysterYutaka KUSUKI1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 971-973
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe sinking rates of oyster faeces in quiescent water ranged from 0.4 to 1.8cm/second. Larger faeces sank faster than smaller ones, but the faeces larger than 1.2mm2 (length×width) sank at approximately equal rates of 1.0 to 1.7cm/second. There were no differences in the sinking rates at the temperatures of 14°C and 26°C.
Oyster faecal materials were transported and deposited by currents. The distance of transportation and deposition of faecal materials during settling (0.5m) was within the range of 2m at the current velocity of 1cm/second, and at the current velocity of 2cm/second was within the range of 5m. At the velocity of 5.5cm/second, the faecal materials were in a state of suspension and transported farther.View full abstractDownload PDF (186K) -
Osamu DESHIMARU, Katsunobu KUROKI, Syuichi SAKAMOTO, Yasuo YONE1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 975-977
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn connection with the previous study of the mineral requirements of prawn, Penaeus japonicus, the absorption of radioactive calcium-45Ca from surrounding sea water by the prawn fed on a diet without supplemental calcium was compared with that of the prawn fed on a calcium-supplemented diet. The surrounding sea water was prepared to contain labelled calcium-45Ca-CaCl2.
The prawn were first fed on each test diet in ordinary sea water, and one hour after the final mealtime were transferred to sea water in which 45Ca-CaCl2 was dissolved. One, four, and twentythree hours later, the prawn were analyzed for the radioactivity incorporated into their bodies.
The radioactivity of 45Ca accumulated in the prawn gradually increased with the lapse of time, and the group fed on the diet without supplemental calcium exhibited faster absorption and higher activity of 45Ca than the group fed on the diet with calcium.View full abstractDownload PDF (175K) -
Takeshi WATANABE, Toshihisa ARAKAWA, Chikara KITAJIMA, Kunihiko FUKUSH ...1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 979-984
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSProximate and mineral compositions of Brachionus, Artemia, Tigriopus, Acartia, Moina, and Daphnia were determined in order to clarify their nutritional value as living feeds for the seed production of fish. Culture media such as baker's yeast and freshwater or marine Chlorella greatly affected the proximate composition of Brachionus, but not their mineral compositions. When comparing the rotifers cultured with baker's yeast with those cultured with Chlorella, the water content was higher in the former and the lipid content in the latter. There were also no marked differences in the mineral compositions of Tigriopus and Moina due to the differences of culture media, although a slight change was observed in the contents of trace elements. Artemia from different places showed a similar mineral composition regardless of their place of production, except that the iron content was several times higher in Artemia from South America and Canada than those from San Francisco. A slight seasonal variation was observed in the content of trace elements of Acartia caught in May, June, and November.
The results of the present study show that minerals are not principal factors in the dietary value of living feeds.View full abstractDownload PDF (503K) -
Takeshi WATANABE, Toshihisa ARAKAWA, Chikara KITAJIMA, Shiro FUJITA1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 985-988
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe nutritional quality of living organisms as protein sources was investigated by determining their amino acid composition, digestibility, protein efficiency ratio (PER), and net protein utilization (NPU).
There were no marked differences in amino acid compositions of various kinds of living feeds, except for a low threonine content in Artemia. The digestibility of the protein of Brachionus was as high as 89-94%, regardless of their culture media (such as baker's yeast and freshwater or marine Chlorella), the digestibility of Artemia was slightly lower than Brachionus in both carp (83%) and rainbow trout (89%).
The values for PER and NPU of living feeds determined with carp and rainbow trout were also high. The values for NPU of Brachionus, Artemia, Tigriopus, Moina, and Daphnia were 70-80% of those obtained with casein, indicating that these living organisms have a superior food value as protein sources for fish.
The gross energy of the living feeds was proportional to the lipid content of the living organisms: high in Brachionus cultured with marine Chlorella and low in Acartia.View full abstractDownload PDF (305K) -
Takeshi MIZUSHIMA1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 989-997
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe “Hedoro” pollution of Tagonoura Bay by paper mill effluent from the Fuji district is reported to have improved markedly in recent years. In order to determine the mechanism of this improvement, a study was made of the pulp wastes present in the effluent within the paper mill of highest production and in the river water of the Fuji district. This report presents the main results of a comparison of the wastes before and after treatment of the effluent.
1) It was found that in the river water the water sampling method resulted in collection of a greater proportion of small waste particles, whereas the net sampling method took mainly large waste particles.
2) The comparison with the waste present in the effluent within the mill showed a sharp decrease in weight (to 1/300), number (to 1/44), and mean length (1/3.3), and a marked change in the shape distribution.View full abstractDownload PDF (949K) -
Morihiko SAKAGUCHI, Akira KAWAI1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 999-1002
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe presence of b- and c-type cytochromes has been examined in membrane fragments from Escherichia coli grown anaerobically in the presence of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMO) (TMO-induced cells). The amounts of both the cytochromes in the membrane were compared with those of cells grown in the presence of nitrate (nitrate-induced cells). After the membrane fragments were treated with acid-acetone, pyridine hemochrome spectra were taken of the fractions soluble and insoluble in acid-acetone. The spectra of the soluble fractions from both TMO- and nitrateinduced cells had typical protoheme peaks with the maxima at 556nm, 525nm, and 420nm, suggesting the presence of b-type cytochromes. The amount of protoheme in TMO-induced cells was much smaller than that in nitrate-induced cells. The spectra of the insoluble fraction from TMO-induced cells only, contained the peaks of heme c with the maxima at 550.5nm, 521nm, and 415nm, indicating the presence of c-type cytochromes in the membrane. The estimated heme c concentration was about 0.4nmol/mg protein.
The roles of the b- and c-type cytochromes are discussed in relation to the electron transport system of TMO reduction in E. coli.View full abstractDownload PDF (337K) -
Absorption Spectra and Chlorophyll Contents of Dried ‘Wakame’Nozomu HIROTA1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 1003-1007
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe dried product of sea-weed Undaria pinnatifida (dried ‘Wakame’ product) which has a deep black color has been judged to be of high quality. In this paper, the relations between the quality and chlorophyll contents in dried ‘Wakame’ products were investigated. The following results were obtained.
1. The absorption maxima of the pigments extracted from good quality specimens with 80% acetone shifted into the range of 660.5-662nm for the “red” maxima and 425-427nm for the “blue” maxima, giving the blue/red absorbance ratio of 1.73-1.94. In inferior quality specimens the absorption maxima were 666-667nm and 406-409.5nm with the blue/red absorbance ratio of 2.65-2.97.
Thus, it was evident that the spectrophotometric properties of pigments extracted from good quality specimens were similar to chlorophyll a, although the absorbance ratio was larger than for chlorophyll a (1.24-1.28); pigments of inferior specimens were similar to pheophytin a, although the absorbance ratio was larger than for pheophytin a (2.03-2.08).
2. Larger amounts of chlorophyll a were contained in good quality specimens (107.9-268.5mg/100g) compared with the amounts in inferior specimens (0-34.2 mg/100g); the contents of pheophytin a (0-70.2mg/100g) in good specimens were smaller than in the inferior specimens (154.4-645.1mg/100g).View full abstractDownload PDF (321K) -
Separation of Chlorophyll and Its Altered Compounds in ‘Wakame’ Using TLC.Nozomu HIROTA1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 1009-1014
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe used silica gel TLC of the pigments of dried ‘Wakame’ (Undaria pinnatifida) to confirm the existence of some altered chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c which stayed on the baseline.
In the pigments extracted from dried ‘Wakarne’ of high quality several bluegreen spots appeared close to Rf 0.4 on silica gel plate when developed by n-hexan-diethyl ether-acetone (6:3:2, v/v). These pigments were considered to be degradation products of chlorophyll a.
When the chlorophyll a fraction separated by sucrose column chromatography from whole pigments of fresh ‘Wakame’ was stored in a dark room for 2 weeks at 5°C, it produced two clear blue green spots with some faints green spots. But pigments of ashed ‘Wakarne’ (Haibashi-wakame) showed two blue-green spots, one of which shifted to Rf 0.40, and also others which were chromatographically similar to chlorophyll b of spinach pigments and shifted to a lower position on the silica gel plate.
The blue and red absorption maxima of A1, B3, and C2 pigments were in the range of 427-430nm and 661-66.2nm in diethyl ether. The blue/red absorbance ratios in pigments A1 and C1 (l.45 and 1.35) were larger than in B3 (1.30) and common chlorophyll a (1.29-1.30). These pigments were confirmed to be phytol; their IR spectra absorptions appeared near 1740, 1700, and 1650 cm-1 in CCl4. From these results it was deduced that A1, B3, and C1 pigments were similar to the chlorophyll a contained in spinach and other plants.
The pigments B1 and B2 did not contain phytol when hydrolysed. It seems that the pigment B1 was the Mg-free derivative because the absorption near 1650 crn-1 in the IR spectra in CCl4 was not present.
The absorption spectra of pigment B4 differed from pigments B1-B3 considerably, shifting to 410nm on the blue and 655nm on the red and having a blue/red absorbance ratio of 3.15. The IR spectra of pigment B4 was similar to C2 in CCl4; a prominent absorption near 1740cm-1 and a weak absorption near 1650cm-1 were observed, but the one near 1710cm-1 was not seen. The absorption maxima (666, 410nm) of pigment B5 appeared as a grey spot on the silica gel plate (Rf 0.58). This result was similar to that for pheophytin a (666, 409nm), although the blue/red absorbance ratio (2.14) was higher than for pheophytin a (2.03-2.08).View full abstractDownload PDF (455K) -
Chinkichi OGINO, Guang-Yang YANG1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 1015-1018
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe requirement of rainbow trout for dietary zinc was investigated by feeding them with diets containing graded levels of zinc. The results of the present study demonstrate that zinc is an essential trace element in the diet of rainbow trout, even though rearing water contains a low concentration of this element (11μg/ι). The fish fed a diet low in zinc content (lppm) showed an extremely low growth rate and high mortality. A large number of the fish on the zinc-deficient diet were found to suffer from cataracts in the eyes and erosion of the fins and of the skin. The dietary zinc levels also influenced the digestibility of protein and carbohydrate, especially that of protein. The proximate composition of the fish body and the contents of trace elements in the various organs varied according to the dietary zinc levels. Judging from the growth rate of the fish, an adequate zinc content of the diet of rainbow trout was estimated to be 15 to 30ppm.View full abstractDownload PDF (526K) -
Chinkichi OGINO, Hiroshi TAKEDA1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 1019-1022
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe requirements of rainbow trout for dietary calcium and phosphorus were investigated by feeding them for 6 weeks with purified diets containing different levels of these elements. The rearing water used contained 20 to 23ppm calcium and 0.002ppm phosphorus. Dietary phosphorus levels were found to affect greatly the growth, the body composition, and the mineral compositions of the body and the vertebrae. But dietary calcium levels did not influence either the growth or the body composition. The available phosphorus level required to maintain a normal growth of the experimental fish was estimated to be 0.7 to 0.8% of their diet.View full abstractDownload PDF (267K) -
Identification of Androsterone, Etiocholanolone, and Dehydroepiandrosterone Isolated from the Urine of CarpTomoki YANO, Shinya ISHIO1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 1023-1028
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe analysis of human urinary steroid metabolites has been widely used to diagnose the functional diseases of adrenal cortex, testis, ovary, and pituitary. This method may be applicable to elucidate some physiological effects of agricultural chemicals and toxicants in industrial wastes on fish endocrine organs. The present paper reports on the detection and identification of 17-keto-steroids in the urine of carp, Cyprinus carpio.
The urine collected by inserting a cannula into the urinary bladder of carp was percholated through an Amberlite XAD-2 column in order to eliminate, β-glucuronidase inhibitors. The steroids were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase and by solvolysis, extracted with ethylacetate, converted to methoxime-trimethylsilyl derivatives, and subjected to gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) and mass spectrometric (MS) analyses.
The GLC separations were carried out on 1% OV-1 and 1% OV-17 columns. The three peaks observed in the 17-ketosteroid region of the chromatograms were identified as those of androsterone, etiocholanolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone by methylene unit value determination. Their structures were also confirmed by a combined GLC-Mass spectrometer.View full abstractDownload PDF (287K) -
Mamoru SATO, Reiji YOSHINAKA, Shizunori IKEDA1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 1029-1035
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSYoung rainbow trout given an ascorbic acid-free diet from the age of 6 weeks showed slight but significant decreases in the hydroxyproline content and the hydroxyproline/proline ratio of the collagen fraction in their skin and bone before they developed the apparent symptoms of scurvy, such as lordosis, scoliosis, and exophthalmus, after 21-24 weeks. These results indicate that the scurvy symptoms, such as skeletal deformities, should be attributed to impaired collagen formation arising from lack of ascorbic acid.
On the other hand, older rainbow trout given an ascorbic acid-free diet from the age of 10 months showed no abnormal response with respect to growth. The formation of their skin collagen proceeded normally. But these trout showed impaired collagen formation in skin wound repair.
These results suggest that the requirement for ascorbic acid decreases as the fish grow older, while increased amounts of dietary ascorbic acid are required for rapid growth and for wound repair. It is concluded that rainbow trout irrespective of age require dietary ascorbic acid to maintain their health.View full abstractDownload PDF (528K) -
Toshiyuki HIRANO, Susumu YAMAZAWA, Michizo SUYAMA1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 1037-1040
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe testis and ovary of sea-urchin, Strongylocentrotus nudus, were collected separately by a microscopic operation. The differences of the palatability and the compositions of proximate and extractive constituents were studied. Both were delicious and the flavors resembled each other closely, but the ovary seemed to be delicately sweeter and more astringent. The proximate composition showed a slight difference between the two specimens. There was also an important feature in the amounts of free amino acids: relatively high levels of alanine, glutamic acid, and taurine were observed in the testis, and those of lysine, threonine, arginine, and isoleucine in the ovary. Higher yields of adenosine triphosphate, betaine, and creatine were obtained in the testis. No significant difference in organic acid composition could be found.View full abstractDownload PDF (351K) -
Local Populations in Hokkaido and the Northeast Districts of JapanNobuhiro NAGAYA, Kiyoshi SASAKI, Kazuo FUJINO1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 1041-1045
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGenetic variations have previously been described in the myogen, est erases, tetrazolium oxidase, and leucine arninopeptidases in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Some 900 specimens (35 lots) of the Pacific oyster, sampled from the wild populations off the Pacific and the Japan Sea coasts of Hokkaido, and off Iwate and Akita Prefectures, as well as from the cultured populations from Miyagi and Hiroshima Prefectures, were compared for gene frequencies at the loci noted above. No significant geographical difference was seen in esterases and tetrazolium oxidase. At the leucine aminopeptidase locus, frequencies of the allele Lap5 increased towards the lower latitudes along the Pacific coast, indicating a marked difference between Ryori and Ofunato, Iwate Prefecture. This resulted in a distinction of the arbitrarily named “Hokkaido-northern Tohoku and southern Tohoku groups”. Two dimensional comparisons with the allele M2 (myogen) and Lap5 made possible the distinction of the cultured population in Hiroshima from the two wild populations noted above.
Overdominance of the heterozygote 5•7 at the Lap locus was observed both in the wild and cultured populations sampled. Zymograms of the “unidentified specimens” reported before were identical to those of C. nippona SEKI, sampled from Akita Prefecture. Some future studies are suggested towards solutions of problems or questions raised from the discussions of the present study.View full abstractDownload PDF (320K) -
Sachio MOTEGI1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 1047-1051
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies were made to investigate the relation between characteristics of packaging film and the oxidative deterioration of oil in packaged food.
Four kinds of polyvinylidene chloride (PYDC) films were used; these had different oxygen gas transmission rates and optical transmittances.
Raw fish meat paste containing about 6-7% of oil was put into casings made of the above film. The samples were sterilized at 120°C for 20minutes, then either stored in an incubator kept at 30°C without light or exposed to daylight, for 60-90days.
Samplings were done every 30 days to determine the peroxide value (POY) of the extracted oil.
The results obtained were as follows.
(1) Oxygen gas transmission rate of these films were increased by heating at 120°C for 20minutes.
(2) POY of oil extracted from samples stored in the incubator kept at 30°C without light increased slightly with the lapse of storage time, but no difference in POY was observed among samples packaged in casings having different characteristics.
(3) On the other hand, in the case of samples exposed to daylight, the changes in POY of oil extracted from the samples which were packaged in casings having high oxygen gas transmission rates were significant. It was supposed that both the oxygen and the light which permeated through these casings enhanced the oxidation of oil in such foods.View full abstractDownload PDF (401K) -
Takashi ONBÉ1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 1053
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (111K) -
Hidemi KUMAI, Motoji NAKAMURA1978 Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 1055
Published: September 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (63K)
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