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Volume 23, Issue 5
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Norimitsu WATABE, Yaichiro OKADA, Mitsutake MIYAMURA, Yoshio INOUE1957 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages 235-240
Published: September 25, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSContinued from the former experiments, the authors studied the relationship between the qualities of cultured pearls and the culture depth in Hamajima Bay, Matoya Bay and Kagami Ura, Mie Prefecture, the hydrographical conditions of which differ remarkably with one another (Figure 1). After nucleusinsertion pearl oysters, Pinctaaa martensii (DUNKER), were transported to those three bays and cultured for 4 months from August, 1953, at the depth of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 meters below the sea surface. On December, 1953, pearls were harvested and their qualities were examined by visual inspection. The results were as follows.
1) In all the three bays, the rate of appearance of yellowish pearls was larger in shallower zones (1, 2 and 3 meters), that of pinkish and splendidly lustered pearls being larger in deeper zones (4, 5, and 6 meters). (Table 1, 2 and 3).
2) The results agree fairly well with those of the former experiments.
3) The light intensity is stronger and water temperature is higher in the shallower zones in which the former seems especially to affect the pearl oysters to produce yellow pigment more, consequently yellowish pearls more than in the deeper zones.
4) Less variations of water temperature and specific gravity may be the causes of forming pinkish and splendidly lustered pearls in the deeper zones.View full abstractDownload PDF (414K) -
Toshikazu HOSHINA, Issei KUNIMINE, Takashi TAKAHASHI1957 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages 241-244
Published: September 25, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe pressent paper deals with the experiments concerning the effect of sulfadrugs and antibiotics upon a bacterial disease of rainbow-trout. This disease is caused by infection with bacteria designated as Vibrio piscum var. japonicus by the senior author. He is desirous to denominate the disease a vibrio-disease of rainbow-trout.
To ascertain the effect of sulfadrugs on therapy or prophylaxis rainbow-trouts inoculated per os with the bacteria were tested. During 4 days, they were fed diets containing daily dosage levels of 0.13g and 0.20g of the drugs per one kg of fish. As the Table 1 shows, the mortalities were as follows: control 11.0% and 14.0%; sulfadiazine 3.5% and 2.5%; thiasin 0.5% and 0.5%; sulfamerazine 0.5% and 1.5%; sulfamine 14.5% and 15.0%.
Next, Bacitracin-Penick, TM-5 and Aurofac-2A were tested in the treatments of the disease among fingerling or yearling rainbow-trouts. The dosages rate were: for Bacitrachin-Penick 1/500 of diet and fed the diet 1/25 of fish weight per day; for TM-5 and Aurofac-2A 1/300 of diet and fed diet 1/30 per day. The mortalities were as follows: Bacitracin-Penick 3.2%; control 3.8%; TM-5 3.8%; Aurofac-2A 5.0%; control 7.8% (see Table 2 and Fig. 1).View full abstractDownload PDF (364K) -
Masatsune NOMURA, Shinsuke MITSUGI, Chosei YOSHIMUDA, Rinichi NAKANO1957 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages 245-248
Published: September 25, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSResearch has been conducted in regard to the horizontal distribution of catch which is likely influenced by the seam joining two unit of net adjacent to each other. The data derived from drift nets operated for sardine, Sardinia melanostica, in the Japan Sea. The examined results through the method of analysis shown as an example in Table 1 are mentioned in the following.
The spreading motion of distribution of catch over the net would be disturbed in some degree at places of the seam if fishing is operated at day time, but not at night (Table 3). This tendency is further accentuated if two sides of net boarded by the seam are different in colour or in luminosity (Table 5).View full abstractDownload PDF (270K) -
Teruhisa KATAYAMA, Toraya FUJIYAMA1957 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages 249-254
Published: September 25, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) The nucleic acids of the algae were found to be composed of DNA and RNA and each component was separated by the modification of OGUR & ROSEN's method (Table 1). DNA and RNA were then determined by the ultraviolet absorption method. The results were calculated into mg % in dry matter from the standard curves of authentic specimens of DNA and RNA prepared from calf thymus and yeast respectively (Figs. 2-6).
2) In the laver field near Fukuyama Port, the tumourous fronds appear generally at St. G, E and C, where the water is considerably polluted by the industrial waste from Fukuyama city, at first in December, then the desease become severe and prevail quickly before January. On the other hand, at St. H where the water is rather clear, the desease breakes out later in February or March.
3) DNA contents of the larver fronds are found maximum in the early stage of tumour, and the mode of the monthly changes of the contents at St. G, E and C, seems to have some correspondence to the spreading of the tumour, while RNA contents have no relation with the desease (Figs. 4-6).View full abstractDownload PDF (441K) -
On Spoilage of Some Shell-fishesWataru SIMIDU, Sigeyuki HIBIKI1957 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages 255-259
Published: September 25, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS(1) The spoilage of shell-fish was examined, the features of the spoilage of white muscle fish and reddish muscle fish being referred to.
(2) In the begining of spoilage, pH value of shell-fishes shifts to the acid side, presumably due to their high content of glycogen.
(3) The volatile base nitrogen, of which the trimethylamine is small and the ammonia is large in amount, is produced in a considerable quantity as is the case with white muscle fish. Trimethylamine oxide content amounts to fairly large quantities ranging from ca. 2mg. % in oyster to 38mg. % in short-necked clam.
(4) In the spoilage of shell-fish, the histidine in the free state is scarcely detectable (less than 1.0mg. %) contrary to its presence in a large quantity in reddish muscle fish, and the histamine produced also is very small in amount (less than 1.0mg. %).View full abstractDownload PDF (290K) -
Activity of PhosphorylaseToyoki ONO, Fumio NAGAYAMA1957 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages 260-264
Published: September 25, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThrough the decrease of glycogen and inorganic phosphorus as well as the increase of reducing sugar in the extract of fish muscle added with glycogen, the activity of phosphorylase of fish muscle was investigated.
An optimum pH was found to lie in the vicinity of 6.4, but at pH 5.3 and 7.8 the phosphorylase action seemed to be exhibited considerably. The activity of phosphorylase in the muscle stored at 25°C. for 6 hours was completely lost. The reaction rate was proportional to the substrate concentration in the reaction mixture for the extract of fresh muscle and not proportional for that of less fresh muscle. The activity of the enzyme in fresh muscle was inhibited at 0°C. On the contrary, in less fresh sample, the activity of the enzyme was not inhibited at 0°C. Although the differences among the enzyme activities of four parts of fish body were not so clear, the dorsal muscle showed a slightly stronger activity than the caudal and ventral muscles.View full abstractDownload PDF (303K) -
Changes in Muscular Nucleotides of Carp During Freezing and StorageTsuneyuki SAITO, Ken-ichi ARAI1957 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages 265-268
Published: September 25, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFresh muscles of carp were stored at -5° ?? -8°C. for several months. During that time the changes in amounts of nucleotides, nucleosides, and purine bases were studied by ion exchange chromatography. The results may be summarized as follows:
(1) During the course of slow freezing, as described in the previous paper, the rapid breakdown of ATP and the formation of IMP are observed.
(2) The amounts of IMP, thus formed, are decreased slowly with the lapse of time, furthermore IMP is likely to convert to inosine and lastly to hypoxanthine.View full abstractDownload PDF (255K) -
A Modification of the DYER MethodYoshiro HASHIMOTO, Tomotoshi OKAICHI1957 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages 269-272
Published: September 25, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe extraction of trimethylamine (TMA) with toluene was found to be affected by temperature, sorts of alkali and number of shaking times, as shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1, whereas the color development of TMA with picric acid was not influenced by temperature. From these observations, the extraction procedure was modified to be carried out at a definite temperature (30°C). In an incubator, test solutions, reagents and funnels were previously warmed before extraction and the funnels shaken 60 times were again left for 5 minutes in it before the separation of toluene layer.
In the second place, the same volume of 25% potassium hydroxide solution was adopted instead of the original 50% potassium carbonate solution, which was confirmed to be not suitable for the TMA solution resulting from the reduction of trimethylamine oxide (TMO) with Devarda's alloy and hydrochloric acid. Figures in Table 2 indicate that some constituents of the alloy may disturb the extraction of TMA in the case of potassium carbonate, but not in the case of the hydroxide. This agrees well with the fact that the carbonate forms white colloidal precipitates, perhaps carbonates of Al and Zn, in the aliqout of the heated reducing mixture, and the precipitates were suspected to adsorb or occlude TMA. The hydroxide does not give such precipitates.
The modification above-mentioned facilitated the determination of the smaller amount of TMO and the modified method gave over 97% recovery down to 0.025mg N which is far lower than 0.4mg N in the DYER method (Fig. 2). The recovery of TMO added to carp muscle extracts was also satisfactory (Table 3).View full abstractDownload PDF (327K) -
Lecithins of the Dark-Colored and Ordinary MusclesHisanao IGARASHI, Koichi ZAMA, Muneo KATADA1957 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages 273-277
Published: September 25, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLecithins were extracted and purified from the dark-colored and ordinary muscles of a tuna, Thynnus orientalis.
The mixed fatty acids, prepared from these lecithins by alkali-hydrolysis, were separated into three portions, solid, lower and higher-unsaturated acids, with a combination of lead salts-ethanol and lithium salts-acetone fractionations. Individual acids were identified with paper chromatography, saturated acids and hydrogenated polyethylenic acids as their 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazides, and mono and diethylenic acids as their mercuric acetate complexes. Spectrophotometry of the alkali-isomerized higher-unsaturated acids indicated the presence of conjugated di-to hexaene.
The composition of these mixed fatty acids presented in Table 8 shows the component fatty acids of the lecithin from dark-colored muscle are more unsaturated than those from ordinary muscle.
The presence of cephalins, acetalphospholipids and sphingomyelin was also shown in the ethanol extracts of these tissues.View full abstractDownload PDF (318K) -
Cephalins of the Dark-Colored and Ordinary MusclesHisanao IGARASHI, Koichi ZAMA, Muneo KATADA1957 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages 278-281
Published: September 25, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCephalin fractions were obtained from the dark-colored and ordinary muscles of a tuna, Thynnus orientalis.
Fractional precipitations of these fractions from chloroform with absolute ethanol yielded five groups respectively and indicated the presence of phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, a small amount of inositol-containing and threonine-containing lipids.
It was also found that the component fatty acids of the cephalins from dark colored muscle consist of palmitic, stearic, zoomaric, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, while those from ordinary muscle consist of only saturated and monoethylenic acids described above.View full abstractDownload PDF (317K) -
Takajiro MORI, Shoji KONOSU, Shoji MIYAGAWA1957 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages 282-284
Published: September 25, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe microbiological assay method of choline devised by HOROWITZ was adopted after a slight modificatien. The total nitrogen was found to be applicable as an index of the growth of the test organism, Neurospora crassa cholineless mutant No. 34486 (Figs. 1 and 2), instead of the dry weight, which had been adopted by the original authors.
The muscles of eight different aquatic animals were analyzed and the results obtained are given in Table 2. The ordinary muscle revealed a considerably constant level of total choline, ranging between 0.4 and 0.6mg. per g, on wet basis, but the level was two to three times higher in the red muscle of yellow tail and the deep-seated red muscle of big eye. The squid muscle also showed a rather high value of total choline, whereas the octopus muscle was nearly the same as the ordinary muscle of fish.
Free choline content, on the other hand, was very low through the muscles tested, with the exception of fresh clam and the stored squid in frozen state.View full abstractDownload PDF (203K)
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