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Volume 47, Issue 9
Displaying 1-23 of 23 articles from this issue
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Toshikuni NAKATANI, Tatsuaki MAEDA1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1115-1118
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn March 1997, the Alaska Pollack theragra chalcogramma (PALLAS) eggs of the early stages (stages 1-2) were found mainly near the entrance of FunKa Bay, while the eggs of stages 3-5 were found in the inner area of the bay. On the other hand, the surface water of the Oyahio current flowed from the northeastern part of the bay and then occupied almost all the area of the bay. These facts suggest that the Alaska Pollack in this study area spawned near the entrance of the bay and that the surface water of the Oyashio current drifted the eggs to the inner area of the bay.
In the same period, water temperature in the inner area of the bay was 2.0-2.5°C, whereas that in the area outside the bay was 0.2-0.4°C. This shows that the eggs spawned near the entrance were transported to a suitable nursery ground.View full abstractDownload PDF (311K) -
Hirohiko KAGAWA, Yoshitaka NAGAHAMA1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1119-1121
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe in vitro effects of various prostaglandins (PGE1, PGE2, PGF1α and PGF2α) on ovulation were investigated in isolated goldfish Carassius auratus oocytes previously matured in vivo by injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. PGE1, PGE2, PGF1α and PGF2α all induced ovulation; PGF group was more effective than PGE group, PGF 2αbeing the most effective. Over 50% of oocytes underwent ovulation 15 to 30min after the beginning of incubation with PGF2αat a concentration of 1μg/ml; over 80% of oocytes ovulated within 1 hr.
Observations of the ovulatory process in vitro were made using both dissecting microscope and scanning electron microscope. Oocytes from ovarian fragments were expelled into the incubation medium through a rupture in the follicle at the point corresponding to attachment to the overlying epithelium. In situ, the rupture at this point would allow the oocyte to be expelled directly into the ovarian lumen. Ovulation may be cause by contraction of the ovarian follicle layer.View full abstractDownload PDF (461K) -
Takashi OSHIRO, Takahi HIBIYA1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1123-1130
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe cause of water absorption by oocytes during meiotic maturation and ovulation was investigated in plaice Limanda yokohamae oocytes obtained with time from the HCG-injected mature females. Keeping pace with the activity of water a bsorption, the oocytes osmolality, estimated by their volume changes in various RINGER solutions of different NaCl concentration, gradually increased and finally decreased. To find out what attracts the water in oocyte, we examine the change in the shapes and the relative volume of main constituents of oocyte using the method of histology and intracellular fractionation by centrifuging. The result is that during meiosis, yolk globules which had already occupied most of the oocyte fused, gathering almost all the water newly absorbed into oocyte, to decrease their density and turn opaque solid into transparent fluid. Inference has been made that in teleosts the fusion of yolk globules might be accompanied with their dissociation into a lot of small particles osmotically active and could result in hydration of oocytes just before ovulation, possibly accelerated by several other factorsView full abstractDownload PDF (672K) -
Masao TAKAHASHI, Shirõ MURACHI, Shinpei MORIWAKI1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1131-1134
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA demand feeder was designed and constructed for use in the conditioning experiments of fishes, with special attention paid to four points; that (1) it should provide only one pellet when the release mechanism is activated by the fish, (2) its trigger can be activated even by very light touch of the fish, (3) it should be protected from the actions of fishes other than those desired, and (4) it should be possible to manually activate the feeder whenvver needed.
By using this device in conjunction with an electromechanical event recorder, a continuous record on the feeding activity of a bluegill sunfish for 10 days was obtained.
The observations revealed that the levle of the feeding activity in the fish obtaining food from this device was much lower than that when the fish was fed by the experimenter.View full abstractDownload PDF (390K) -
Masao TAKAHASHI, Shiro MURACHI, Takashi SEKITANI, Shinpei MORIWAKI, To ...1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1135-1140
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFour bluegill sunfish were trained by the operant conditioning technique to activate an automatic feeder by nudging the bobber upwards in order to be provided with a food pellet. This conditioning was completed in 40 to 45 days for three of the fish but required about 105 days for the last remaining fish. Due to the extremely low reaction dishplayed by the fish towards the bobber, the fish had to be trained to respond to the feeding tube namely, by nudging or poking at it and it was only after this that the fish were seen to respond easily to the bobber.
The frequency at which the bobber was found to be nudged upwards was much lower when compared to that for the feeding tube; the former frequency ranged from 0.5 to 0.7 times/min while the latter ranged from 3.7 to 5.9 times/min.View full abstractDownload PDF (299K) -
Noboru SUGIMOTO, Satoshi KASHIWAGI, Toshio MATSUDA1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1141-1148
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn vitro antibacterial effect of seven chemotherapeutic agents were tested against F. columnaris strains, and also therapeutic effect were examined on artificially infected F. columnaris disease of cultured eel.
1) Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these agents to 15 strains of F. columnaris isolated from eel were as follows.
MIC of NFS-Na was 0.009-0.31 mcg/ml, FZD was 0.039-1.25 mcg/ml, CP was 1.25-5.0 mcg/ml, OTC was 0.156-0.62 mcg/ml, SMM was 12.5-50 mcg/ml. OA was 0.156-5.0 mcg/ml and PL-B was over 100 mcg/ml.
2) Bactericidal effect of NFS-Na to strain EU-1 was same as those of OTC and OA at 1 mcg/ml. And thier bactericidal time were within 8 hours. While bactericidal time of NFS-Na to strain EU-3 was within 2 hours, FZD and OA were within 8 hours, and OTC was within 24 hours. But CP did not show bactericidal effect to both two strains as others.
3) Longer time of dipping inoculation and higher environmental temperature on the experimental infection in young ell with F. columnaris induced low effect on the therapeutic effect of NFS-Na and FZD by medicated bathing.
4) Therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic agents by medicated bath against experimental infection in young eel with the strain F. columnaris EU-1 and EU-3 were as follows.
Effective concentration of NFS-Na was 0.0625-0.125 mcg/ml, FZD was 0.125-0.5 mcg/ml, CP was 0.25-2 mcg/ml, OTC was 0.0625-0.125 mcg/ml, and OA was 0.125-0.25 mcg/ml.View full abstractDownload PDF (562K) -
Kazuyuki TESHIMA1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1149-1152
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe structure and function of epithelial cells of the ductus vitellointestinalis in the Mustelus griseus embryo were studied through light and electron microscopic observations. The ductus vitellointestinalis is contained within the yolk stalk, which connects an embryo with the yolk sac, The internal surface of the ductus vitellointestinalis is a simple epithelium lining, and consists mainly of ciliated squamous cells and columnar cells with microvilli. Structural characteristics of the cells suggest that the ciliated squamous cellsmay aid in the transportation of yolk and that the columnar cells with microvilli may function as absorptive cells. It may be considered, therefore, that the ductus vitellointestinalis in the M. griseus embryo is engaged not only in the transportation of yolk, but also in the absorption of yolk being conveyed into the intestine.View full abstractDownload PDF (790K) -
Kazuya NAGASAWA, Syuzo EGUSA1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1153-1156
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAcanthocephalus lucidus VAN CLEAVE, an amphibian acanthocephalan, was found in the intestine of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri cultured at the Oizumi Hatchery of Tokyo University of Fisheries, Yamanashi Prefecture. This is the first record of this parasite from fish.
The route of infection is unknown, but the rainbow trout may have been infected with A. lucidus by ingestion of the isopod, Asellus hilgendordi, or frogs.
Morphologically, this species is characterized by the backward increase in the hook length and the elongated cement glands.View full abstractDownload PDF (185K) -
Chetsung CHEN, Toru TANIUCHI, Yukio NOSE1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1157-1164
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSpecimens of the pointed-snout dogfish Squalus japonicus taken off Nagasaki and Choshi, were investigated to study its reproduction. Specimens from Choshi were larger in the size at maturity as well as in the maximum size than those from Nagasaki. The size at first maturity for females was 560-157mm in Nagasaki and 740-759mm in Choshi. Maximum lengths were greater by 14cm for males and 19cm for females in Choshi than in Nagasaki. Testis weights and clasper lengths showed a rapid increase with onset of maturity. The gestation period was estimated to be roughly one year sine both full-term embryos and fertilized eggs occurred in the same period. Litter size ranged from 2 to 8 for each region but average litter size was 3.9in Nagasaki and 5.3in Choshi. Litter size increased with size of the parent. A difference was also noted in the average number of ovarian eggs per adult female between the two regions (4.4in Nagasaki and 6.6in Choshi). Ova usually outnumbered embryos and showed a similar growth pattern to embryos. The ratio of males to females in embryos was approximately 1:1 as a whole in both regions.View full abstractDownload PDF (416K) -
Itsuro UOTANI, Kanae MATSUZAKI, Yuko MAKINO, Kiyomu NODA, Osamu INAMUR ...1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1165-1172
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGut contents of a total of 4159 larvae of albacore, yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, southern bluefin tuna, skipjack and frigate tuna collected in the area northwest of Australia from Oct. 1977to Jan. 1978, and from Dec. 1978 to Mar. 1979, were examined. The results obtained are as follows.
1. Gut contents of tunas and those of skipjack and frigate tuna are noticeably diddferent in the composition of food elements: Four species of tunas feed generally on the Copepoda and other zooplanktons in nearly equal numbers or slightly more Copepoda, whereas skipjack and frigate tuna Appendicularia and Evadne.
2. Ivlev's electivity index indices suggest that the difference in the food composition between the above two groups of larvae could be attributable to the difference in their feeding habit on prey organisms, not to the plankton composition in their habitats.
3. Individual gut contents of four species of tunas are mainly small ones of 0.21-0.80mm body length. Gut contents of skipjack and frigate tuna, however, comprise a large quantity of those exceeding 0.81mm body length.View full abstractDownload PDF (730K) -
Takahisa KIMURA, Mamoru YOSHIMIZU1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1173-1183
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe application of a coagglutination test using staphylococci specifically sensitized with antibody against the bacterium causing bacterial kidney disease to the diagnosis of this disease in salmonids was studied. This method proved to be a simple, rapid and reliable diagnostic test suitable for use in the laboratory or field, and requires no special apparatus. It was found to be highly specific and more sensitive than the immunodiffusion test. In a study of 758 fish from 24 farms suspected in outbreaks of bacterial kidney disease the rate of detection of the disease with the coagglutination test was as high or highter than the rates obtained by Gram staining or clinical examination.
The procedure of this method is summarized as follows:
1) Kidney sample from diseased fish is homogenized with four to nine volumes of PBS, and heated in a boiling water bath for 30min.
2) The supernatant is collected after centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 20min. This may be omitted if a centrifuge is unavailable.
3) One drop of the supernatant and one drop of anti-BKD antibody sensitized staphylococci suspension are mixed on a glass slide and incubated at room temperature. The slide is examined after 30, 60 and 120min.
4) If positive coagglutination is observed, the infected fish should be examined microscopically to confirm the diagnostic results.View full abstractDownload PDF (752K) -
Kouichi YOSHIZAKI1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1185-1192
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA morphological investigation was done on the epidermal and dermal melanophores of two mormyrid fish, Marcusenius isidori and M. longianalis.
The epidermal meleanophores were located in the outer and middle layers of the epidermis as well as in the inner layer. The dermal melanophores occurred just beneath the basal lamina and in the deeper part of the dermis. The dermal melanophores of M. longianalis had sometimes elongated melanosomes as well as ovoid-shaped ones. The premelanosomes of the epidermal melanophores had a doughnut-like inner structure in addition to a striped inner structure. The melanophores of Marcusenius isidori and M. longianalis possess the basic characteristics common to other vertebrates, and they resemble closely those of other mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii, and other fish.View full abstractDownload PDF (1288K) -
Tsuneo SHIBA, Nobuo TAGA1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1193-1197
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSYellow and orange pigmented bacteria assigned to the genus Flavobacterium-Cytohyaga were characteristically predominant on Enteromorpha linza (Linné) J. Agardh, but they did not become predominant in the solutions containing the extracellular products of the alga as sole organic carbon source. Pseudomonas was predominant in the solutions. Vibrio was present in low numbers both in the solutions and on the alga. The growth of Vibrio was inhibited by the extracellular products of the alga. The growths of Pesudomonas and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga were stimulated by the products.View full abstractDownload PDF (352K) -
Tsuneo SHIBA, Nobuo TAGA1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1199-1203
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAttachment of bacteria to solid surfaces was examined using glass cover slips immersed in a peptone medium. The numbers of attached cells of Flavobacterium-Cytophaga strains at 1000 and 100ppm of the nutrient concentrations ranged from 107 to 106/cm2 and were larger than those of Pseudomonas, Vibrio and Acinetobacter strains which ranged from 106 to 108/cm2. The numbers of attached cells of Flavobacterium-Cytopyaga strains at 100ppm of the nutrient concentration were larger than those at 100ppm, while the numbers of attached cells of Vibrio strains were larger at the lower nutrient concentration. Attachment to solid surfaces seemed to favour the development of Flavobacterium-Cytophaga populations on the surfaces of enteromorpha linze (Linné) J. Agardh.View full abstractDownload PDF (171K) -
Yoichi YOSHIDA, Keizo HIRATA1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1205-1208
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe role of bacteria in organic decomposition, nitrification, and denitrification in a waste treatment tank, in which the nitrogen was removed by intermittent aeration, was determined by examining the bacterial number and the flora present.
The numbers of total heterotrophic bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria in the treatment tank were ca. 107-108 cells/ml, 104-106 cells/ml, and 106-107 cells/ml, respectively. The number of nitrifying bacteria was rather high in a treatment tank to which a high concentration of wastewater was added, and where anaerobic and facultative anaerobic conditions were repeated alternately. Among the isolated heterotrophic bacteria. Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Coynebacterium, and Bacillus were dominant, although some difference in the percentage of these groups were found according to the varying concentrations of added wastewater.
During the course of development of excess slu dge in effluent, no difference in bacterial number was observed, whereas the proportions of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes increased.View full abstractDownload PDF (188K) -
Susumu HORIE, Tetsuo KOBAYASHI1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1209-1222
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA host sea water(HS) agar plate method for the isolation and enumeration of marine Bdellovibrio, parasitic and lytic to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was developed in this work. A few Bdellovibrio strains were isolated from coastal sea water and the physiological multiplication phase, similar to that of common bacteria, was observed. The raw sea water samples were inoculated with about107/ml cells of V. parahaemolyticus (Biotype 1) and the related organisms (Biotype 2 and 3), respectively, and incubated at 25°C. After 2-4 days of incubation, population of these bacteria decreased approximately to 104/ml, whereas temporal multiplication of the Bdellovibrio was observed. Using HS agar plate prepared with the Biotype 1, 2 or 3, respectively, 26 Bdellovibrio strains were isolated from coastal waters. These isolates showed highest lytic activity to Vibrio and Pseudomonas organisms among the marine bacterial flora. Lytic action of the isolates to the various terrestrial bacteria varied with the Bdellovibrio strains. The occurrence of some Bdellovibrio resistant strains was observed among the Kanagawa phenomenon negative V. perahaemolyticus.View full abstractDownload PDF (833K) -
Atsushi MOCHIZUKI, Masahiro MATSUMIYA, Susumu MIKAMI1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1223-1225
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA Nautilus macromphalus was caught by trapping from the depth of 250m in the sea near New Caledonia and was reared for 374 days at Yomiuriland Marine Aquarium.
The N. macromphalus and Sepia esculenta enzymes were isolated with affinity chromatography on chitin coated cellulose, and then the activigy and optimal pH were measured. Lysozyme was assayed with M. lysodeikticus cells and by the ferricyanide method with glycol chitin as substrate.
Lysozyme was fond in the digestive organs, blood vessels, and mantle of N. macromphalus. Very high lysozyme activity was detected in the oesophagus and diverticulum of N. macromphalus. The N. macromphalus mucus lysozyme has an optimal activity at pH 5.5 and the S. esculenta mucus lysozyme at pH 4.8.View full abstractDownload PDF (141K) -
Tamao NOGUCHI, Yoichi UEDA, Kanehisa HASHIMOTO, Haruo SETO1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1227-1231
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGonyautoxin-1 (GTX1), one of the major components of paralytic shellfish poison, was isolated from the toxic digestive gland of scallop Patinopecten yessoensis by a method consisting of activated charcoal treatment and three types of column chromatography: on Bio-Gel P-2, Amberlite CG-50, and Bio-Rex 70.
The scallop GTX1 thus obtained was homogeneous both in TLC and in cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. Elemental analysis and IR spectrometry indicated the presence of one mole of -OSO3- per mole of the toxin. This, together with the 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra, suggested that the structure of GTX1 is 11-(OSO3) neosaxitoxin.
The specific toxicity was determined to be 5, 000 MU/mg, which is comparable to that of saxitoxin, gonyautoxin-2, or tetrodotoxin.View full abstractDownload PDF (521K) -
Eiichi NISHIDE1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1233-1235
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome attempts were made to find suitable conditions for extracting the fucose-containing polysaccharide from the fried fronds of the brown alga Kjellmaniella crassifolia. The yield of the polysaccharide extracted increased with increasing extraction temperature up to 100°C. At 100°C the yield was enhanced with prolonged extraction time up to 3h when the yield was 515 mg/10g dried frond. The yield did not increase any more beyond 3h. The yield was hardly affected by pH changes at 90 or 100°C. The extract from the frond also contained alginic acid and protein. Precipitation of the contaminating alginic acid and protein with calcium acetate and trichloroacetic acid respectively resulted in a remarkable loss of fucose-containing polysaccharide.View full abstractDownload PDF (201K) -
Kiyoyoshi NISHITA, Yasuharu TAKEDA, Ken-ichi ARAI1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1237-1244
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSActomyosin was prepared successfully from the frozen surimi of Antarctic krill E. superba when all procedures were conducted in the presence of 1.5M sorbitol at a low temperature (0-4°C).
The actomyosin showed several well-known characteristics, such as high ATPase activity reversible dissociation into myosin and actin upon addition of mg-ATP at high salt concentration and a superprecipitation reaction at low salt concentration; the subunit composition also consisted of heavy and light chains of myosin and actin.
The linear relationship between the logarithmic values of the first order inactivation rate constant (log KD) and sorbitol concentrations in the actomyosin preparation gave KD-values of krill actomyosin without sorbitol as follows: 50×10-5 (sec-1) at 12°C, 85×10-5 (sec-1) at 15°C and 220×10-5 (sec-1) at 20°C. These values showed that the krill actomyosin was about 100times more unstable thatn that of Alaska Pollack. Such inactivation of Ca-ATPase was found to be effectively prevented by adding 1.5M sorbitol to the preparation.
The biochemical characteristics of krill actomyosin seemed to be similar to those of fish and rabbit actomyosin in most respects except for the striking inferiority in the thermal stability.View full abstractDownload PDF (601K) -
Koji NAKAMURA, Haruka IIDA, Toshio TOKUNAGA1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1245
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (100K) -
Shoji YAMADA, Yoshito TANAKA, Teruhisa KATAYAMA1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1247
Published: September 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (97K) -
1981 Volume 47 Issue 9 Pages 1249
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: April 22, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (42K)
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