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Volume 31, Issue 7
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE (M. S. 222) AS AN ANESTHETIC INFERED FROM THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TIME NECESSARY TO ANESTHETIZE FISH DEEPLY AND THE CONCENTRATION LEADINGKazutsugu HIRAYAMA, Motoaki SHIOMI, Yosiyasu HUMOTO1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 479-487
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt seems to be one of the desiable properties of anesthetics that the fish should be anesthetized by them within a short time, and the long lasting anesthetization in their solutions should never bring the fish high mortality. With this view in mind, the authors have studied the relation between the concentration of anesthetic solution and the time required to induce deep anesthesia in Hypodytes rubripinnis, and the relation between the concentration leading to 50% mortality of the fish and the duration of anesthetization. The anesthetics used in this study were tricaine methanesulfonate (M. S. 222), urethane and tertiary amyl alcohol.
In cases of urethane and tertiary amyl alcohol, linear regressions in log- log diagrams were obtained between the time necessary to induce deep anesthesia in the fish and their concentrations. However, no similar relation could be obtained by using M. S. 222, the dilution of M. S, 222 accerelating the fall of narcotic potency more than those observed in other anesthetics, though its narcotic potency is stronger than the others. These facts suggest that M. S. 222 is suitable for handling fish within a short time, but not for long lasting anesthetization, for which purpose, urethane seems to be more appropriate (Fig. 1).
From experiments on narcotic potency of M. S. 222 under various conditions, in comparison with urethane, the causes which bring about special characteristics of M. S. 222 as an anesthetic are considered as follows:
(1) Sea water is acidified by M. S. 222 dissolved (Fig. 2), and the more the solution is acidified, the stronger the narcotic potency of M. S. 222 becomes (Fig. 3).
(2) As campared with the other anesthetics, the solution of M. S. 222 decreases rapidly in concentration due to adsorption and absorption to the fish bodies during anesthetization (Fig. 6).
(3) For a time just after dissolving M. S. 222 in sea water, free carbonic acid liverated as a result of acidification of sea water makes the solution more acid, which causes a temporal increase in narcotic potency of the solution and the liverated carbonic acid itself act contributorily in the increase in narcotic potency (Fig. 8).View full abstractDownload PDF (631K) -
Shiro FUJITA, Toru TAKITA1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 488-492
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAreliscus trigrammus (GÜNTHER) is a Cynogrossoid sole, distributed along the Pacific coast from SHIZUOKA PREFECTURE to southern Japan, Formosa and East China Sea. It inhabits mud or sandy mud bottom. The spawning season seems to extend from March to early April at the offing of SHIMABARA CITY, ARIAKE BAY.
The eggs are bouyant and colorless, spherical in shape measuring 1.19-1.23mm in diameter, with 30-50 oil-globules measuring 0.068-0.095mm, and any particular structures are not seen on the egg-membrane and yolk.
On March 23, 1963, the authors carried out the artificial insemination at SHIMABARA CITY, KYUSHYU and observed egg development and hatched larvae.
The incubation period was about 100 hours at the water temperature 13.0-14.5°C. In the course of development, melanophores and xanthophores appeared on the embryonal body and yolk. At 76 hours after insemination, the melanophores and xanthophores which had been situated on the yolk until that time gathered on the oil-globules.
The newly hatched larva was 3.18mm in total length with 54-55 (13+41 ?? 42) myomers. The xanthophores and melanophores formed five cross bands on the trunk and caudal part of the body. The larval fins were free from any chromatophores. A two day old larva was 4.32mm in total length with 56 (10+46) myomers. A tubercular process appeared in the larval fin at the back of the head. A ten day old larva attained 4.95mm and entirely consumed its yolk. The tubercular process developed into a ribbon-like fin.View full abstractDownload PDF (372K) -
Otohiko SUZUKI1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 493-499
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (290K) -
ESTIMATE OF THE POPULATION SIZE OF THE “MOJAKO”Fumio MITANI1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 500-505
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the two previous papers, the floating seaweeds in the sea to the west of Kyushu in May of 1964 were described. In this third report, a rough estimate of the population size of the “mojako” in the same sea and period is dealt with, on the assumption that the “mojako” inhabits only under the floating seaweeds.
The results obtained are as follows:
1) The value of MORISITA's Iδ-index as an index of dispersion is significantly greater than 1, and the “mojako” shoal is a negative binomial in type of frequency distribution of CPUE, as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. From these facts aforementioned, it seems that the fish shoal has a tendency to follow a concentrating pattern of distribution. Such a pattern of distribution may be due to the fact that the fish are enticed by the floating seaweeds.
2) Judging from the pattern of distribution aforementioned, it seems to be only natural that the catch of the “mojako” should greatly fluctuate.
3) The population size of the “mojako” in the sea to the west of Kyushu in May of 1964 has been estimated at one hundred and fifty thousand in number as shown in Table 1. The figure is based on the relationship between the density of the fish (living under the floating seaweeds) obtained by the vessels, and the amount of the floating seaweeds observed from the air.View full abstractDownload PDF (450K) -
Tetsushi SENTA1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 506-510
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThough many works have been made on the habit of sand-eels, there are few studies on the nocturnal behavior of the fish. The present author found following facts in regard to the subject through the survey with the fish larval net (71.5cm. in diameter) in the Seto Inland Sea.
During the period from January to May, sand-eels rise to the sea surface by night, and especially abundantly in January and February (Table 1). Those fishes caught in the period up to early in April were all 1-age fish, and those caught thereafter were all 0-age fish (Fig. 2). These fishes, especially in January, were thin after spawning, and the indicator of body length-body weight relation continued to increase in its value during the period (Table 2).
From the stomach condition, it was affirmed that they keep on feeding even by night. Adult sand-eels seemed to feed seldom on larvae of the same family, at least by night, on account of the fact that they are swimming in the separate layers of the sea (Table 3).View full abstractDownload PDF (351K) -
Tetsushi SENTA1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 511-516
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThough the eggs of sand-eels (Ammodytes personatus GIRARD) have been established as demersal and adhesive ones since INOUE's experiment (1949), the present author have collected them by horizontal haul with a larval net even at sea surface.
The eggs are spherical in shape, measuring 0.85-0.95mm in diameter, with a single yellow oil globule. The egg membrane is transparent but usually sticked by minute particles of foreign materials, and the perivitelline space is wide. The newly hatched larva is 4.3mm in total length, with the oil globule in the posterior part of yolk, and with filamentous organs along on each lateral side. (Fig. 1 a-e.)
The eggs occurred most abundantly during the period from the end of December to the middle of January, and distributed mainly in areas of rapid tidal current such as the central part of Bisan Seto. As for vertically, the eggs were supposed to distribute more abundantly in the deeper layer. (Fig. 2, Table 1)
Those eggs which are adhesive in the laboratory do not always exhibit the same nature in the sea, and there is a possibility that sand-eel eggs may be demersal but non-adhesive in natural circumstances. Under certain circumstances such as shallow water, rapid tidal cur-rent and topographical up-welling, sand-eel eggs are whirled up and distribute even in the surface layer.View full abstractDownload PDF (529K) -
Syuzo EGUSA1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 517-526
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSObservations were made on epizootics of fungus disease in eel populations which. were held in experimental aquaria containing Saprolegnia Parasitica. The diseasefrequently occurred in epizootic form in eel populations taken from ponds where the disease is known to prevail sometimes, whereas those from a fungus-disease free pond hardly contracted the disease. From those observations it was assumed that a morbid state which predisposes eels to fungus infection or causative agents, responsible for the state may be introduced by fish themselves from pond to aquarium.
Mere exposure of healthy eels to fungus is not followed by fungus infection. But fungus disease could be brought about by exposing them to fungus in water with fungus-diseased eels or in water contaminated with the disease. This fact indicates that the morbid state may be communicable.
The spread of the disease among healthy eels in water with infected fish or in contaminated water was inhibited by adding the antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin to the water. This suggests that the agent responsible for the morbid state may be a bacterium. It was found that fungus-diseased fish usually presented internal and external lesions similar to those reported for diseases of eels caused by bacteria. These findings suggest also that the state in question may be a sort of bacterial. disease.
Description was made of characteristics of the lesions of the skin infected with. Saprolegnia Parasitica to set up the criterion for the diagnosis of fungus disease.View full abstractDownload PDF (639K) -
TAXONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA WHICH CAUSE THE GREENINGHiroshi IWATA, Masayoshi TOMISHIMA, Hiroshi SAKAMOTO1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 527-533
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe heterofermentative lactobacilli which were responsible for the green discoloration of cured meat products were isolated from a large number of the commercial, sliced hams, and were examined bacteriologically. From the taxonomical data obtained it was found that these bacteria resembled very closely to Lactobacillus viridescens which was first described by NIVEN et al.View full abstractDownload PDF (441K) -
EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON PREVENTING DISCOLORATION OF TUNA MEAT DURING FREEZING STORAGEMasamichi BITO1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 534-539
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of storage temperature below -5°C to -78°C on the discoloration of meat was studied by taking the relative amount of metmyoglobin to total myoglobin (metmyoglobin plus oxymyoglobin) for an index to evaluation of discoloration. A relation curve between the relative percentage of metmyoglobin and the ratio of the optical density at 540mμ (β maximum of oxymyoglobin) to 503 mμ (β maximum of metmyoglobin) of aqueous extract of meat was made for immediate determination of percentage of metmyoglobin after measuring the absorbancies at 540mμ and 503mμ.
The results obtained were as follows:
The lower the storage temperature was, the better the color was preserved (Figs. 2 to 5 and Table 1). When meat was stored in the range of -5 ?? -10°C it rapidly turned brown. Though the discoloration of meat stored around at -20°C was slower, this temperature was still inadequate for the storage over two months, as the discoloration became considerable during the storage. Discoloration was very slight in the meat stored at -35°C and -78°C. For example, the meat kept at -35°C retained its red color in a good state even after the storage from 9 to 13 months.
On the meat sample stored around at -20°C the discoloration in the inner layer of meat was more considerable than in the surface (Figs. 2 and 3). Such a phenomenon was not observed on samples stored at -35°C and -78°C, as the inner layer of these samples retained its original color while the surface was more or less discolored. It is interesting that the inner layer of meat provides a more favorable conditions to form metmyoglobin than the surface of meat does, at the temperature of -20°C. It should be caused by the difference in partial pressure of oxygen, which depends on the rate of diffusion into meat and oxygen consumption of meat.View full abstractDownload PDF (422K) -
THE DISCOLORATION OF TUNA MEAT DURING THE STORAGE AROUND AT TEMPERATURE OF FREEZING POINTMasamichi BITO1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 540-545
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe discoloration of tuna meat stored around at temperature of freezing point was examined.
In the tuna meat stored at various temperatures ranging from 30°C to -2.5°C (no freezing), less discoloration was observed on samples kept in lower temperature (Figs. 1 to 4). Two samples of tuna meat were stored at -2°C, one being kept in the unfrozen state and the other in the frozen state after the preliminary freezing at -10°C. The similar experiment was done with different samples at -2.5°C. In both cases, the discoloration was more considerable with frozen samples than with unfrozen ones (Figs. 3 and 4). Also, the discoloration in meat subjected to freezing at the temperature between -2°C and -5°C was more considerable than in meat stored at 0°C (Figs. 2 and 4).
These findings support that the discoloration is accelerated by freezing storage around at the temperature of freezing point of tuna meat.View full abstractDownload PDF (364K) -
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS AND REQUIREMENT OF VITAMIN B6Chinkichi OGINO1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 546-551
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe feeding trials have been conducted with young carps to study the deficiency symptoms and requirement of vitamin B6. The basal diet used was that devised by HALVER et al.3) except that vitamin B6 was eliminated. The fishes were fed the diets containing varying levels of vitaminB6 for 10-week experimental period at 25°C under constant flow of dechlorinated city water. The diet of group 8 was added deoxypyridoxine hydrochloride to facilitate the development of the deficiency symptoms (Table 1). The carps receiving the vitamin below 0.04 mg per kg of body weight per day decreased average weight, showed considerably high mortalities and developed the deficiency symptoms after 4 to 6 weeks feeding (Fig. 1 and Table 2). Nervous disorders were main deficiency symptom developed when no antipyridoxine was added to the diet, whereas edema, hemorrhage, exophthalmos and skin disturbance were predominant in the presence of deoxypyridoxine (Table 3). The activities of glutamic-pyruvic and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminases (GPT and GOT) and vitaminB6 content of hepatopancreas were found to be strongly influenced by the vitamin intake of the fish (Table 4). From the results obtained the vitamin B6 requirement of young carps was tentatively decided to be adout 0.15mg (as hydrochloride) per kg of body weight per day under the present experimental conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (414K) -
ON THE MODES OF ACTION OF TWO ALGINASESYoshiaki ANDO, Katsuhiro INOUE1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 552-557
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo alginase preparations, extracellular enzyme (ECE) and intracellular enzyme (ICE), have been obtained from filtrates of cultures and sonicated cells of an alginolytic marine bacterium. Both the enzymes cleave alginic acid into the same ultraviolet absorbing product, which indicates that the glycosidic bond of alginic acid is split by eliminative hydrolysis, resulting in the formation of unsaturated uronic acid moieties.
However, marked differences in their modes of action have been recognized with aid of paper chromatographic detection. ECE attacks alginic acid in a random manner, liberating unsaturated oligouronides as well as a large amount of low polyuronide. The end products of this reaction are found to be a series of unsaturated oligouronides, which are not degraded further by this enzyme.
In contrast, ICE attacks not only alginic acid but also its degraded products by ECE action. ICE is able to hydrolyze low polyuronide and such unsaturated oligouronides as tetra-, tri-, and diuronide. The ultimate end product of these reactions is found to be a monouronide, which seems to be identical with 4-deoxy-5-ketohexuronic acid reported by PREISS and ASHWELL.View full abstractDownload PDF (749K) -
TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL MARINE FISH POISONINGSMotokazu ASANO1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 558-569
Published: July 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1036K) -
1965 Volume 31 Issue 7 Pages 573
Published: 1965
Released on J-STAGE: April 22, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (42K)
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