NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI
Online ISSN : 1349-998X
Print ISSN : 0021-5392
ISSN-L : 0021-5392
Volume 27, Issue 4
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
  • Shumpei KOJIMA
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 291-295
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    As far as the adult fish of yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, are concerned, tagging experiments have been successfully conducted to prove a distinct habitude of their migration along the coastal waters off Japan. However, the amount of data previously obtained from tagging the young yellowtail has been insufficient to elucidate their migratory habit. Therefore, the author liberated 160 individuals of the young fish with a tag along the Japan Sea coast of Shimane Prefecture. At the time of liberation in May 1958 and June 1959, they were possibly about two years old with the fork length ranging from 36 to 45cm. (Fig. 1). Analytical studies of the fish recovered by October 1, 1960 revealed the following information.
    1) The number of the recovered individuals was 34, constituting 22 per cent of the total released. Among the recovered fish those which stayed in the sea for three to nine months after liberation represented 53 per cent, and those staying out over nine months were 32 per cent (Table 1). Therefore, the present experiments may be said to have produced a richer result than some of previous ones.
    2) Assuming that an area within a radius 30 miles from a releasing point belonged to a body of a homogeneous water, most of the recoveries were made in that area (Table 2, Figs. 2 and 3). The fact suggests that the young yellowtail have a rather limited range for their movement.
    3) They were recaptured almost throughout the year either in a bay, a shallow water or on a reef within five miles off the shore.
    4) Although the migratory habitude seems dependent upon topography of a liberating area, it is interesting to note that those released from the Oki Islands appear to have migrated round the islands once or twice a year in conformity with the coastal currents in the area (Fig. 3).
    5) The recovered fish had the body weight ranging from 0.8 to 2.0kg. and the body length up to 50cm. On the basis of a previous study none of them could be regarded as older than three years.
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  • Yoshio HIYAMA, Yukio NOSE, Makoto SHIMIZU, Junko MATSUBARA
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 296-301
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    At about noon of May 1st, 1960, 191 individuals of rain-bow trout fry, in which 39 fish had a Co60 pin radiation source (about 100μc) inserted in the abdominal cavity of each, were liberated close to the midpoint of the same stream that was used in the last Zn65 injection experiment (Fig. 1). Since that afternoon, the vicinity around the stream was monitored by Crystal Scintillation Survey Meter (11/2" NaI Crystal) and by G-M Survey Meter at least once a day, and the locations where the radiation sources were detected, were recorded on the map. (Fig. 1)
    The recovery of these Co60 marked fry and the Co60 pins outside the liberated fry was done first from 9th to 11th of May and secondly from 26th to 29th of July. By these efforts, 36 pieces of Co60 pins were recovered in total. 1) 21 individuals of living fry carrying the Co60 pins inside their body (F in Fig. 1), 2) 10 pieces of the pins found on the bottom sand of the stream (S), 3) 5 pieces of the pins found in the holes under rocks (R).
    About the 10 pieces of Co60 pins found on the bottom sand, it was thought to be caused by the predation and the excretion of adult trouts. If it was really so, the adult trouts had taken about 1/4 of the liberated fry within 8 days.
    About the 5 pieces of the pins found in the holes under huge rocks, we could not think of any cause other than the result of the predation and the excretion of Japanese water shrew, Chimarrogale platycephala, nested in the experimental area (Fig. 2 and 3). The quantity of predation during 8 days by this mammal was estimated as about 1/8 of total fry liberated.
    However, the predation by a wild bird, Cinclus pallasii, the most powerful predator in the last year's experiment, was not recognised, though a couple of this birds with two youngs were very often found flying in the experimental area.
    One of the reason why the bird did not predate the fry, was thought to be that the size of fry liberated in this year (average 8 gr.) was much larger than that of last year (average 1.2 gr. for small sized group and 2.7 gr. for large sized group). Moreover, it might be caused by that the distance from the point of liberation to the nest of this bird in this year was farther than that of last year. The nest was found just above the point of liberation in last year, but was not found in and near the experimental area this year.
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  • Jun NAKAGOME
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 302-306
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present author studied on seasonal variation of swimming layer of yellowfin tuna by area of different currents in the mid and southwestern parts of the Pacific Ocean. The results are as follows:
    1) Swimming layer became shallowest (about 110m) in June and deepest (about 145m) in December of a year in areas of the North Equatorial current and the Equatorial Counter current (N). And it tended to rise in the spring and sink in the fall.
    2) Swimming layer became shallowest (about 110m) in May and deepest (about 145m) in November in the South Equatorial current area (M) north of the convergency line (10°S). And it tended to rise in winter toward spring and sink in summer toward autumn.
    3) Swimming layer in area M was a little shallower than is mentioned in literature No. 1 throughout year and the month when swimming layer was shallowest and deepest respectively in area N came a little later than in area M.
    4) Swimming layer became shallowest in March (about 105m) and October (about 90m) and deepest in January (about 130m) and June or July (about 135m) of a year in the South Equatorial current area south of the convergency line. And it tended to rise and fall periodically twice a year.
    5) Swimming layer in area S was shallower than in areas N and M throughout year.
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  • COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THREE ECOLOGICAL TYPES
    Nobuhiko MIZUNO
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 307-312
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Succeeding the life history study in the previous paper of three ecological types of “Rhinogobius similis”, the morphological characters of adult fish are compared in the present paper.
    In spite of the apparent similarities in the body form, the fluvial type is clearly different from the other two types (the amphidromous and lacustrine types) in the colour pattern on the body side (Fig. 1), and in the number of vertebrae, pectoral and first dorsal fin rays (Table 1; Fig. 2). Considering the more distinctive features in the size and number of mature eggs, in the size and developmental stage of newly hatched larvae as reported in the previous paper, it seems appropriate to conclude that the fluvial type is to be referred to the genus Tukugobius HERRE, 1927 instead of the genus Rhinogobius. The other two types, i. e., amphidromous and lacustrine types have no more distinctions with each other than intraspecific variations (Table 1; Figs. 2 and 3). Thus, the fluvial type is named as Tukugobius flumineus and the other two types retain the customary name Rhinogobius similis GILL.
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  • ON THE CONDITIONS OF FLYING FISH ENTANGLED ON THE TIDE WARD SIDE OR LEE TIDE SIDE OF THE NET
    Shumpei KOJIMA
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 313-317
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The author considered that the subject of behavior of oceanic surface fishes give clues to settle the problem of locomotion, gathering and scattering of fish school. How do fishes hold their position against movements of water masses and partial water currents?
    As only a few investigations regarding the above problem have been already carried, more investigations are expected in the near future.
    The author examined the relationship between the side of the net on which the fishes were entangled and the direction of water current.
    This gave the following results;……
    1) In the case of the investigation carried out during the daytime in the area over 30 miles off shore, over 95-99% of the number of the catches were entangled to the net on the tide ward side, and small number on the lee tide side.
    2) In the allied case carried out during the daytime in the coasting area less than 15 miles off shore, in general, majority of the catches were entangled to the net on the tide ward side, as much as 78% and the rest from the lee tide side, however, very few cases should be high percentage on the lee tide side.
    3) In the off shore area over 30 miles, the investigations during the daytime (involving the daybreak and twilight) were carried out in June and July. It is supposed that the flying fish would move keeping the direction of body parallel to that of the current.
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  • INFLUENCES OF ANTISEPTICS ON THE QUALITIES OF “TOKOROTEN” AND AGAR
    Hiroaki FUJISAWA, Terutake SUKEGAWA
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 318-322
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    As already ascertained by the authors1), addition of an anticeptic, hydrogen peroxide or chlorotetracyeline, to“tokoroten”, a crude agar, does allow it to be finished into agar proper without suffering spoilage. However, the agar prepared from a “tokoroten” added with an antiseptic was found, in turn, to be reduced in the potency of producing the jelly strength, contaminated with residual antiseptic and possessed with a mood to color in its storage.
    From these circumstances, it was tried in the present work to make sure the marginal conditions beyond which said undesirable effects of antiseptic addition to “tokoroten” grow practically serious. The results obtained are presented in Tables 1-4 and summarized as fol-lows:
    I. The effect on jelly strength for “tokoroten” and agar:
    (1) The marginal concentration up to which hydrogen peroxide can be used without re-sulting in a drop of jelly strength lies likely between 1/10, 000-1/5, 000, at concentrations beyond this limit the fall of jelly strength enlarging with increasing addition of this medical, and especially in the case of agar.
    (2) Addition of CTC has no effect at least up to 1/100, 000.
    II. Coloring effect:
    (1) Addition of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 1/4, 000-1/1, 000 is effective for obtaining “tokoroten” as well as agar distinctly white as compared with respective controls.
    (2) Addition of CTC at a concentration of 1/100, 000 results in slight darkening of the agar produced despite of its negative effect at 1/200, 000.
    (3) As to discoloration of an agar under storage, effect of the hydrogen peroxide added at a concentration above 1/5, 000 to “tokoroten” becomes apparent as a tendency to the disco-loration, the tendency being the stronger, the larger the addition of this antiseptic, while CTC remains to be indifferent, insofar as its addition is smaller than 1/100, 000.
    III. Residue of antiseptic in the agar prepared.
    (1) Although a “tokoroten” initially added with CTC is possible to retain a great portion of the antiseptic for a long period, it is not impossible to manufacture this “tokoroten” into an agar practically free from the CTC, and that even with ease.
    (2) An agar made from a “tokoroten” added with hydrogen peroxide or CTC can be used in the preparation of culture media possessed of no such factors as do harm to the growth of common bacteria. It is considered, however, that an agar still containing residual CTC is not suitable for the preparation of culture media for the CTC-sensitive bacteria.
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  • COPOLYMER FORMATION FROM OXIDIZED FISH OIL AND PROTEIN
    Masamichi TOYOMIZU
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 323-326
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present paper is concerned with in vitro copolymerization of the antimicrobial oxidized fish oils with protein.
    10 cc of oxidized calamary oil methyl ester was emulsified into 20 cc of 2% egg protein solution. The flask containing the mixture was placed in a water bath maintained at 37°C and stirring was continued for 3 hours. The yellow brownish copolymer was obtained by removing the unreacted methyl ester and protein (Table 1, 2). In the reaction calamary oil methyl ester could not copolymerize with protein if not previously oxidized (Table 3). A pronounced effect of the nitrogenous source on the rate of copolymerization was detected. The rate of copolymer formation from protein was higher than that from peptone, and no copoly mer was formed from protein hydrolyzate and glycine (Table 4). The necessary group in oxidized fish oils required for copolymerization with protein seemed to be carbonyl group judging from the copolymerization of oxidized fish oils with protein and the cocurrent changes of chemical characteristics of the oils (Table 5), so it seemed that an amino-carbonyl condensation reaction would take place in oxidized fish oil-protein copolymer formation as in a typical browning of dried milk or a dried egg.
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  • DENATURATION OF CARP MYOSINS BY FREEZING AND FROZEN STORAGE
    Masao MIGITA, Shigeo OTAKE
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 327-338
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Effect of freezing and cold storage upon the extractability and salting-out behavior of muscle protein was examined, using carp killed in two different ways; one was instantly put to death by beheading and the other was beheaded after allowed to struggle in air for several hours.
    Fillets taken from these two groups of carp were frozen at -15°C and stored at this temperature for a period varying from 2 to 14 days. Before freezing and at each different time of cold storage, myosins were extracted from these fillets with 0.6M KCI (pH 6.6), precipitated by dilution. and the amount was measured. With isolated myosins salting-out behavior toward ammonium sulfate was determined at pH 6.9 and at the temperature of 0°C.
    Extractability Myosins were always extracted greater in amount from death-after-struggle group than from instant death group throughout the period of the present experiment. No significant difference, however, in the ratio of amount of myosins (M) to salt extractable protein (L), was noticed between the two groups. After frozen storage of 10 days, a slight diminution in the values of L and M was observed in the muscle of instantly killed fish, but it was not appreciable for death-after-struggle group within the limited duration of the present test. Meanwhile, the ratio M : L seemed to decrease somewhat in both groups on prolonged storage (Table 1).
    Salting-out Curves Around the range of 30-40% (v/v) saturation of ammonium sulfate in the salting-out curves for either group, there was found a dominant peak, which presumably pepresented myosin and actomyosin. With fresh fillet before freezing, this peak was more prominent for the instant death group than for the other.
    However, by freezing and subsequent frozen storage, the pattern of the curves for instant death group turned out close to those of unfrozen fillet of death-after-struggle group, and inversely the pattern of the latter group became kin to those of the former group that was not frozen. This will be obviously perceived from the mode of slope and fall in the s-c curves in the range of 30-40% saturation of ammonium sulfate (Figs. 1 and 2).
    In another series of experiments similarly conducted for isolated myosin gel, the results given were not quite the same as obtained for the fillets. The salting-out curve of the gel from fish killed after struggle became analogous to that of fresh, unfrozen gel from instant death group, just as seen in the case of the fillets. But the curves of frozen myosin gel from instant death group was not altered by freezing process and cold storage (compare Figs. 1. 2 and Figs. 3 and 4).
    It is notable in Figs. 1-4 that there was found concentration range of ammonium sulfate in which components salted-out decreased in amount with increasing concentration as the result of freezing and subsequent storage. This means that a part of components which were saltedout at concentration c1 remained in solution in the range of higher concentrations between c1 and c2. This effect will be valid for either fillet or isolated myosins gel.
    Actin fraction in the salting-out pattern In the previous paper ??, it was shown with fresh fillets that actin fraction appeared in the salting-out pattern of myosin fraction from carp killed after struggle, but the corresponding fraction was absent in the case of carp put to an instant death. In addition, it was mentioned that this actin fraction would not appear, if the extraction of myosins from carp killed after struggle was carried out in the presence of ATP.
    In the present work, it was found that when the fillets were frozen and kept for 2 days or 6 days, a prominent peak presumed as actin fraction, appeared also in the case of carp put to an instant death.
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  • ON THE VIBRIO-TYPE BACTERIA, NEWLY ISOLATED FROM THE DECAYING LAMINARIA
    Yoshiaki ANDO, Katsuhiro INOUE
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 339-341
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1) Alginic acid decomposing bacteria were isolated from the decaying blades of Laminaria, which were identified as a species belonging to genus Vibrio.
    2) Morphological and physiological properties of the bacteria were described.
    3) The organism, when grown on the blade of Laminaria, excretes an active enzyme, capable of degrading the blade almost completely.
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  • ON THE ALGINASE OF VIBRIO SP. SO-20 STRAIN
    Yoshiaki ANDO, Katsuhiro INOUE
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 342-347
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present paper deals with the alginase action of the alginic acid decomposing bacteria, Vibrio sp. SO-20 strain, reported in the previous paper.
    The results are summarized as follows:
    1) The bacteria produced adaptively an enzyme, “alginase”, when grown on the synthetic medium containing alginic acid as a source of carbon. The crude enzyme was prepared from three day's culture on such medium.
    2) The enzyme was found to belong to a so-called halophylic enzyme.
    3) The optimum pH of the enzyme was 7.0-7.2.
    4) The enzyme seems to be similar to “algin depolymerase” reported by EPPLEY and LASKER; in the alginase reaction a remarkable decrease of viscosity was observed before a small quantity of reducing sugar slightly appeared.
    5) From the paper-chromatograph of the end-products of the alginase reaction, it was found that the enzyme hydrolyzed alginic acid to some oligouronides but not to free mannuronic acid.
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  • PREPARATION OF CRYSTALLINE PROTEINASE FROM THE PYLORIC CAECA OF BIGEYE TUNA, PARATHUNNUS SIBI
    Yoshihisa TOGASAWA, Teizo KATSUMATA, Masamitsu KURIYAGAWA, Hideo TANAK ...
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 348-350
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The proteinase in the pyloric caeca of bigeye tuna, Parathunnus sibi, was isolated according to the procedure described in Fig. 1 in a crystalline state (Fig. 2).
    Total activity of the crystalline enzyme corresponded to 2.7% of that of the original water extracts, and the specific activity of it was 21.1 times as high as that of the water extracts (Table 2).
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  • STRONTIUM-CALCIUM DISCRIMINATION IN GILL ABSORPTION
    Ryushi ICHIKAWA, Mikio OGURI
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 351-356
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To investigate the behaviour of strontium and calcium at the gill absorption of fishes, gill-perfusing experiments were conducted using the fresh water or sea water adapted eel, Anguilla japonica and following results were obtained.
    1) Discrimination against strontium in favour of calcium was observed at the gill absorption of these minerals.
    2) The strontium-calcium discrimination factor (DFgill absorptive) expressing this discriminating rate was 0.74 in case of fresh water eel. In this case, the fresh water of external medium contained 100 mg. per 1000 ml. of medium.
    3) In marine eels, on the other hand, this DFgill absorptive was found as 0.67 and this heigher rate of discrimination than that observed in fresh water eels seems to be caused by the pretty high concentration of calcium and strontium in sea water. In this case the sea water of the external medium contained 498 mg. Ca and 12 mg. Sr per 1000 ml. of medium.
    The authors wish to express their cordial thanks to Assoc. Prof. NAKAMURA and Mr. S. KASAHARA, Fisheries Experimental Station of Tokyo Univ. and members of Atsumi Fish-breeding Co. Ltd., for the facilities they gave to authors during the collection of marine eels. They are also indebted to Mr. Y. ENOMOTO, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, for his technical assistance.
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  • QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS IN MUSCLE OF FISH REARED IN DIFFERENT WATER TEMPERATURES
    Tomoo NAKANO
    1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 357-360
    Published: April 25, 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the previous report, it was pointed out that the content of various kinds of phosphorus compounds in fish muscle varied with the seasonal change of water temperature. In this report, it was investigated, by using gibel and mebaru, a kind of rock fish, whether the phenomenon mentioned above can also be seen when the fish were reared at different water temperatures.
    The results obtained are shown in Fig. 1, 2 and 3, and can be summarized as follows;
    1. In the preliminary experiment, the adaptation of fish to widely varied water temperature was accomplished by changing gradually the water temperature.
    2. When the fish were reared at the water temperature suitable for their living, high energy phosphorus compounds content in muscle increased. On the other hand, when the water temperature fell remarkably, the total amount of phosphorus in acid soluble fraction in fish muscle diminished in parallel with the decrease of high energy phosphorus compounds content.
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  • 1961 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 364
    Published: 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: April 22, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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