All issues
Volume 36, Issue 1
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|
-
Local Characteristics of Stranded AnimalsOsame TABETA, Hiroshi TSUKAHARA1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 1-8
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDuring the cold seasons of 1965-1967, the authors observed the fish-stranding phenomenon at the beaches from Kagoshima to Niigata Prefecture along the Tsushima Current. The following results were obtained :
1) The stranding animals were recognized in the whole area of the present research, and the phenomenon was more prominent in the northern Kyushu and westernmost Honshu in the cold months of 1966. The stranding animals in Karatsu and Shingu beaches of northern Kyushu were quite similar in species and specimen composition.
2) The authors admitted the stranding animals as the following groups: the southern migrants, the coastal fishes, the offshore fish larvae, the offshore benthic crustaceans and the southern pelagic crustaceans.
3) In respect of their appearance range, these animals could be classified into two groups. The one was recognized in almost whole area, and the other appeared only in the stations in the west of westernmost Honshu area. This area coincided with the demarcation line of ichthyofauna.View full abstractDownload PDF (649K) -
Gordon R. WILLIAMSON1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 9-18
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis is the first description of the biology of Euthynnus affinis in the Hong Kong area and is based on examination of samples of fish and on other data collected during 1967-69. A population of E. affinis inhabits the south coast of Kwangtung, China where it is the commonest tuna species. Adult fish concentrated inshore to spawn each year during June-August in water of surface temperature 25-29°C and salinity 26-29‰. Two distinct size-groups of fish made up the spawning schools; many fish of mean size 62cm long (weight 4.5kg) and lesser numbers of fish of mean size 44cm long (weight 1.9kg). These size-groups were probably 2 and 1 years-old respectively. The tuna lived dispersed over the continental shelf during other months of the year. Food eaten consisted chiefly of pelagic fish and cephalopods. The behaviour, length-weight relation and growth rate of the fish are described. Commercially useful catches could probably be taken from the summer spawning concentrations if purse seining methods were used.View full abstractDownload PDF (714K) -
Tsuneyoshi SUZUKI1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 19-25
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to investigate differences in the swimming behaviour of salmon between the early morning and night, observations were carried out on board the Arisomaru of the Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Japanese Government, in the southeastern area off Kamchatka Peninsula from June 10 to July 26, 1968.
Two sets of surface gillnet were set at right angles to each other, following a southeastern direction parallel to Kamchatka Peninsula as shown in Figs. 1, 2.
The time duration of the set net was about two hours, one net was set approximately at midnight (night net), and the other one hour after sunrise (morning net) at the same place as shown in Figs. 1, 2.
The results of the observations are summarized as follows:
1) The chum salmons caught proved to be mainly 4 years old, exclusively adults, belonging to the west coast population of Kamchatka Peninsula.
2) Chum salmons caught by the night net were almost even with regard to directions. In the case of morning net the catches increased both in southeastern and northeastern directions, coinciding with the migrating direction of this species.
3) As for the difference between the night catch and the morning one, no special biological differences were observed in age composition, sex ratio, gonad weight and volume of stomach contents, etc. of this fish.View full abstractDownload PDF (427K) -
Acidification of Aquarium WaterKazutsugu HIRAYAMA1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 26-34
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies were made on acidification of the culture water in marine aquariums with closed circulating system in connection with the conditions of culturing fishes, and the results obtained were as follows.
1) The acidifying velocity of aquarium water is not affected by the variation in grain size of the filter sands.
2) The relation between the acidifying velocity of aquarium water (V eq./day) and the feeding rate (F g/day) can be represented by the following equation.
V=0.92F×10-3
3) The variation of body weight of fish cultured in an aquarium as compared with that of the feeding rate may not bring any significant difference in the acidifying velocity of the aquarium water.
4) The nitrifying ability of aquarium filter is exhibited well enough to keep ammonium-N at a low level even if the pH value becomes under 7.0.
5) Nitrification never ceases completely even if acidification ceases at the pH value under 4.8 and at the alkalinity value of nearly 0 meq./l.
6) The low values of pH and alkalinity hardly bring any harmful influence on cultured fish and so far as both values remain within a low level, ammonium-N accumulated in the sea water brings forth little influence.
7) A proper amount of CaCO3 such as coral and shell put in the aquarium, can maintain the value of pH and alkalinity over 7.5 and 1.0 meq./l, respectively, and its preventive effect on acidification of the culture water is distinctly due to the dissolution of calcium.View full abstractDownload PDF (553K) -
On the Angling CurveTeiji KARIYA, Hideyuki HOTTA1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 35-41
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous paper, the authors reported several information in regard to the mechanism of the angling for mackerel-shoals. It is the purpose of this paper to see whether or not these informations obtained by the experimental study of the angling for mackerel-shoals will be applicable to the angling of skipjack in the ocean.
The shoals of skipjack in the sea are often found associated with a whale shark, sei whales or a large driftwood and sometimes with a shoal of other small fish. Many shoals are, however, seen with no association to other animal or object.
The shoals of skipjack found in our surveys were shoals with birds, shoals with whales, shoals with a whale shark and shoals with no association to other animals. The largest catch was obtained from the shoal with a whale shark. From this shoal, 2164 fish were caught within 44 minutes (Table 1).
The correlations of total number of fish angled from a shoal with the angling period and with maximum number of fish caught/one minute/a fisherman could not be found (Figs. 2 and 4).
The angling curves determined on 33 anglings for skipjack were classified into 3 types (Table 2 and Fig. 3). The 1 st type of the angling curve had a peak and a bottom and in the previous paper, we called this type of the angling curve the decreasing type. The 2 nd type had a flat peak and a bottom and we called it the ceiling type. The 3 rd type had two or more peaks and bottoms and it was considered that the type was composed of two or more angling curves belonging to the 1 st type. The last type coinsided with the type of the angling curve obtained in the experimental angling for the shoal of mackerel which had a poor appetite. Therefore, it was ascertained that the angling curves obtained by experimental anglings for mackerel-shoals were similar to the angling curves obtained by the anglings for skipjack in the ocean.View full abstractDownload PDF (459K) -
On the Time Required to FishTeiji KARIYA, Hideyuki HOTTA1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 42-47
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a previous paper1), we reported that the angling curve obtained in the angling for skipjack can be classified into three types. In the other paper2), we reported that the process of angling is composed of two periods, namely, the time taken for the fish to be hooked and the time required to pull the fish up. In this paper, the relation between the time required to pull the fish up and the technical skill of the angler is discussed. It is important that the fisherman angles for the fish, as much as possible in the restricted period, because the period the fishing boat keeps in contact with the shoal may be short. Therefore, it is advisable that the time required to pull the fish up is as short as possible.
There are three methods in the angling for skipjack, namely, live bait fishing and two types of the lure fishing. In one of the types of lure fishing, called “Bakezuri” or “Kakaezuri”, the fisherman holds a fish under his left arm, when he detaches the fish from the lure. In the other type called “Tatakizuri”, the fisherman detaches the fish from the lure without holding. Mean values of the time required to pull the fish up by means of live bait fishing, “Kakaezuri” and “Tatakizuri” were 16.1 sec., 5.99 sec., and 1.96 sec. respectively. The live bait fishing is composed of six operations, while the lure fishing is composed of five operations. An operation to bait a fishhook is not contained in the latter. Therefore, the time required to bait a fishhook was about 10 seconds. Although “Tatakizuri” has the shortest time required to fish, this method is employed for only a little while, because it requires great skill and heavy labor. There were some differences in the time required to fish among the crews of three fishing boats (Table 2). The time required to fish is affected with differences in the fishing tackles, too. The dimensions of the various types of the fishing tackles for skipjack and albacore were shown in Table 3 and Fig. 2. It can be considered that the time required to fish is a reflex of the technical skill of the fisherman.View full abstractDownload PDF (426K) -
Method of ApproximationYoshio MIYAZAKI1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 48-57
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a series of these reports, a practical method is described to calculate the tension of towing (mooring) ropes, and the configuration of plane nets in a stream, using a catenary curve. Part I outlines the method of approximation.
If the configuration of the ropes or plane nets in a uniform stream was expressed by a part of the loop as shown in Fig. 1, the tension t, the length S, the horizontal distance (trail) x, the depth y, etc. in any part of the material could be calculated by formulas (3)-(6). The non-dimensional loop functions τ, σ, ξ, η in formulas (3)-(6) vary according to the form of the normal components Nθ and tangential components Tθ of the total hydraulic force which act on the materials. In order to obtain an approximate value for these functions by the loop functions τ', σ', ξ', η' showing the basic catenary, formula (16) on configuration and formula (18) on tension was derived from numerical integration and the experimental results in various towing states. Where ω included in the above formulas is the rotative angle of the basic catenary it will give the approximate configuration of the materials in a stream, and will have the values ωI, ωII, and ωIII according to the towing states [I], [II], and [III]. (cf. Fig. 1) And, θ is the critical angle, (the angle of the materials to the stream when the materials are sufficiently long), and is calculated from formula (14). The comparison of this calculated value by this method with the experimental value is is shown in Figs. 8 to 12. The difference of the values were about ±10%.View full abstractDownload PDF (348K) -
Method of CalculationYoshio MIYAZAKI1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 58-67
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is not practical to calculate the tension of a towing rope or the configuration of a gill net by the voluminous tables of function or by the electric computer, even if final results are correct. The author suggested in part I that the loop described by the towed rope or a plane net at constant velocity could be considered as the catenary curve. Its advantages were shown by comparing with the experimental values. When only the loop functions of the basic catenary σ', ξ', η' are given, the objective value can be obtained by formulas (16) and (18), however, the calculation process is rather complex for practical use.
In this paper, the author simplified the calculation using the functions A, B and C (cf. Table 3) derived from σ', ξ' and η', and the order of the calculation was obtained from the examples.View full abstractDownload PDF (641K) -
Kiyoyoshi NISHITA1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 68-73
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAcid-soluble nucleotides in the muscle of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, were fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and adenine, hypoxanthine, AMP, ADP, ATP, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine were identified. The total amount of the nucleotides was found to be 1.07 μmoles per g of fresh tissue, the value being fairly lower than those reported for the muscle and hepatopancreas. The content of UDP-N-acetylhexosamine was considerably high.View full abstractDownload PDF (491K) -
Hitoshi UCHIYAMA, Shigeo EHIRA, Nobukuni TSUCHIYA1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 74-82
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe nucleic acids have been extracted from the muscle and liver of fish with phenol. The RNA and DNA were found to be concentrated in the aqueous phase separated from the phenol layer and extracted in an “undegraded” form by using nuclease inhibitors such as bentonite and potassium polyvinylsulphate throughout the procedure. As was the case of nucleic acids from Bacillus subtilis spores or Escherichia coli strain B, the chromatography of the nucleic acids thus extracted on metbylated bovine serum albumine kieselgur column gave the three peaks, s-RNA, DNA and r-RNA. The two r-RNA subunits from skipjack muscle and liver were easily resolved on the column as well as those of spores r-RNA, whereas the plaice muscle r-RNA was not.
The method described here is considered to be applicable for the extraction of nucleic acids in “undegraded” form from the muscle and liver of fish.View full abstractDownload PDF (529K) -
Makio ASAKAWA1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 83-87
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBiochemical studies on the mucus covering fish body are of high interest not only from the physiological aspect but also from comparative biochemistry as regards mucins of other animals.
In respect to mucus on fish epidermis, only a few investigations, mainly on the sugars and amino acids, have been done by TURUMI and SAITO1), WESSLER and WERNER2), and ENOMOTO etal3-5). No detailed works, therefore, have been done on the chemical nature and property.
In the present paper, to elucidate the chemical nature and property of fish mucus, the histochemical identification and characterization were first performed on the mucus in the epidermis of eel, Anguilla japonica. The tissue was fixed in Carnoy's fluid for about 1 hour, and then cut at a thickness of 10μ. The sections were stained by the conventional periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction for polysaccharides. For sialic acid-containing glycoproteins, alcian blue (AB)-PAS staining7) with or without sialidase digestion was carried out. For sulfated mucopolysaccharides, aldehyde fuchsin (AF)-AB9), AB-safranin 0 (Saf.)10), and neutral red (NR) staining11) were done.
The results of the histochemical stainings are as follows:
1) The mucin covering eel body were composed mainly of sialic acid-containing glycoprotein and sulfated mucopolysaccharide.
2) The former is secreted to the outside from goblet cells, the latter from columnar mucous cells, respectively.
3) The predominant component of the mucus seems to be sialic acid-containing glycoprotein.View full abstractDownload PDF (605K) -
Yüzõ KANEKO, Takeshi ITO, Osamu TAKAGI, Kiyoshi FUKUSHIMA1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 88-95
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStarch is widely used to make Kamaboko. In this paper, we describe an experimental study of the effect of starch on the physical properties of Kamaboko: The breaking stress and breaking strain are measured with OKADA's gelometer on specimens containing various amounts of starch and water, and the score of texture are decided by the sensory test. Results obtained are as follows.
1) A similar score of synthetic evaluation seems to describe a similar half-ellipse on the stress-strain graph. The half-ellipse having a high score is located at the centric position with a high strain value.
2) At higher concentrations of starch, the value of stress increases and that of strain decreases gradually after the initial increase.
3) At higher amounts of moisture, the value of stress decreases rapidly and that of strain decreases gradually.View full abstractDownload PDF (456K) -
Biochemical Change of PCP in Sea Water by Detoxication Mechanism of Tapes philippinarumKunio KOBAYASHI, Hiroshi AKITAKE, Tetuo TOMIYAMA1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 96-102
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a previous works1), it was found that the concentration of PCP in sea water was sharply decreased during the culture of Tapes philippinarum. The amount accumulated in the shellfish, however, was fairly smaller than the decreased amount of PCP in the medium, and the PCP content in the shell-fish decreased with the lapse of culture time2).
The present paper deals with a study, using 14C-labelled PCP, on the biochemical change of PCP in the medium during the culture of Tapes philippinarum. It was elucidated that the decrease of PCP in the medium did not mean its decomposition, but its transformation to some bound-form by the detoxication mechanism of the shell-fish. It was also confirmed that the excreta of shell-fish and micro-organisms in the medium played no role in the formation of the bound PCP.
Although the bound PCP was not extracted with xylene from the acidified aqueous solution (0.02 N HCl) by the standard method for PCP determination5), it was, however, determined as free PCP from the distillate of the steam-distillation of the acidified sample (0.6 N HCI).View full abstractDownload PDF (544K) -
Isolation and Identification of a Conjugated PCP Yielded by a Shell-fish, Tapes philippinarumKunio KOBAYASHI, Hiroshi AKITAKE, Tetuo TOMIYAMA1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 103-108
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is well-known that phenolic compounds can be detoxicated in mammalia by conjugation with either glucuronic acid or sulfuric acid. It has recently been reported that in rabbit a part of the orally administered pentachlorophenol (PCP) can be recovered in urine as its glucuronide2). No studies, however, have been made of the mode of detoxication of PCP in aquatic organisms. In our previous work7), it was found that PCP-Na dissolved in sea water was rapidly changed to some bound-form of PCP by a shell-fish, Tapes philippinarum.
The present paper deals with the isolation and identification of a conjugated 14C-labelled PCP-Na which is biosynthesized by the shell-fish. A PCP conjugate was isolated by treating a shell-fish culture medium with activated charcoal, followed by elution with ammonia-acetone, and finally by subjecting the eluate to silica-gel thin layer chromatography. The behaviors of the isolated conjugate in the chromatography and in the extractability with xylene were identical to those of synthesized PCP sulfate. An experimental result that the molar ratio of PCP to SO4 was about unity, evidences that the isolated PCP conjugate is a sulfate ester of PCP. It is to be concluded, therefore, that PCP can be largely detoxicated in the shell-fish by the conjugation with sulfate.View full abstractDownload PDF (751K) -
Keisuke MIYAZAWA, Keiji ITO, Fumio MATSUMOTO1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 109-114
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe occurrence of d-2-hydroxy-3-aminopropane sulfonic acid and 3-aminopropane sulfonic acid in the methanolic extractives of Grateloupia livida was established.
The authors wish to express here their thanks to Prof. Y. HASHIMOTO, Tokyo University for his suggestion and advice they received in the cource of this work.View full abstractDownload PDF (301K) -
Masaki SHIBÕTA, Yoshiro HASHIMOTO1970 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 115-119
Published: January 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The ivory shell toxin was purified by using gel filtration with Sephadex G-25 and silica gel column chromatography. The purified specimen evoked a minimum mydriasis in mice at a dose of about 0.02 μg/g body weight.
2. The purified toxin was only positive in the ferric chloride reaction, although many qualitative tests were carried out. It was thought to be a polyfunctional, highly oxygenated, complex bromo compound having a relatively low molecular weight.
3. The purified toxin evoked the similar symptoms in a cat as did the raw mid-gut gland.View full abstractDownload PDF (308K)
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|