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Volume 37, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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On Tests for the Practical Use of the Horizontal Fish Finder for SalmonNoritatsu SANO1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 1-7
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper presents results of experiments on the practical use of the horizontal fish finder in the salmon fishing grounds in the North Pacific Ocean. The tests were made in July, 1968.
On the ship we mounted two fish finders, each of which had a transducer with a 50 KHz supersonic. We kept these transducers 1 meter deep. The dip angles of the transducers were changed with the state of the sea. These echo patterns were made on the occasion of the voyage of the research ship “WAKASHIO MARU” (153 tons) for fishery investigations.
Recordings by the fish finder were made as long as possible while the ship was floating by the set-nets.
One of the characteristics of the echo patterns of the horizontal fish finder was that the echo of sawtooth recorded on the paper was cleared away almost completely. Because of the use of T. V. G circuit a relation was found between wind direction and the transducers. The echo patterns of the horizontal fish finder given showed salmon echoes quite clearly.
We set salmon gillnets of 55 tans and hauled the nets the next morning. Considering the catches of salmon, we found that the catch of salmon was in proportion to the numbers of echo traces of salmon on the patterns.View full abstractDownload PDF (2327K) -
Effect of the Mesh and the Specific Gravity of WebbingTuneo KONAGAYA1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 8-12
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence resulting from the ratio of the diameter of the twine to the length of bar (D/L) and the specific gravity of webbing (ρ) on the characteristics of the purse seine was investigated.
The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1) The webbing of a net which has a small D/L ratio sunk faster than that which has a large D/L ratio. It was found that the sinking speed of bottom margin was approximately proportional to 1/√D/L, while ρ exerts little effect on the sinking speed.
2) The netting form during the course of pursing depends chiefly upon the D/L ratio of webbing, and it was observed that nets with small D/L ratio rarely form a “cup-like” shape.
3) Tension in the purseline is proportional to the D/L ratio and ρ.View full abstractDownload PDF (307K) -
Acid Polysaccharide of Mantle Mucus of Some Marine BivalvesKoji WADA, Tamotsu FURUHASHI1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 13-17
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSulfomucopolysaccharide or acid mucoprotein with sulfate group is detected in mantle mucus of some bivalves4-7), and is considered to act as a calcium carrier and provide calcium concentration high enough for the growth of shell minerals at the site of mineralization4). Histochemical and biochemical studies have suggested that the inner and outer mucus of the mantle of Pinctada fucata show metachromasia on staining with toluidine blue and are very similar to each other in their amino acid compositions1). If the acid mucous substances play the above-mentioned functional role in the calcium metabolism of molluscs, the mucus does not always form a shell. To answer this quesion, biochemical analysis of the acid polysaccharide was made on the inner and outer mucus of the mantle of Pinctada fucata and Chlamys nobilis.
Inner mucus adhered on the inner surface of the mantle and outer mucus secreted between the mantle and shell were collected with an injector. In each case the dry mucus obtained by addition of ethyl alcohol was digested with “pronase” at pH 8.0 and 50°C for 72 hours and subsequently with trypsin at pH 7.5 and 37°C for 72 hours. Acid polysaccharide was then separated by the cetyl pyridinium chloride treatment and analysed as described in the preceding paper2).
The amount and chemical composition of fraction A containing acid mucopolysaccharide are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The fraction contains a relatively large amount of sulfuric ester and a little amount of protein, but not chondroitine sulfate, as shown by paper electrophoresis. Galactosamine, glucosamine, galactose and glucose are detected in fraction A of both the inner and outer mantle mucus of Pinctada fucata by paper chromatography (Table 3). The fraction seems to be composed of sulfomucopolysaccharide or sulfated polysaccharide-protein complex.
From these results, it may be concluded that the presence of the acid mucous substance with sulfate group is necessary to induce shell mineralization though it does not always induce it.View full abstractDownload PDF (337K) -
Juro YAMADA1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 18-29
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEarly phases of scale development in the chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were studied by electron microscopy. The osseous matrix, composed of fine collagenous fibrils and dense ground substance, is secreted from cells of the scale papilla aggregated in the subepidermal connective tissue. The presence of dilated cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, rather numerous mitochondria, and abundant free ribosomes characterizes these osteogenic cells. Calcification of the matrix begins with the appearance of clusters of needle-shaped hydroxyapatite crystallites being limited within small dense particles scattered in the matrix. As the calcification progresses, they increase in number as well as in size. Thick collagen fibrils are added onto the lower surface of the calcified osseous layer by another kind of cells to form the fibrillary plate. These cells, rectangular in form, are characterized by a parallel array of highly extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum and well-developed Golgi zones with lysosomal bodies. The scale ridge arises as a partial thickening of the osseous layer. The ridge in cross section appears to be formed when an upper osteogenic cell is overlaid obliquely by the adjacent outer cell in the process of flattening of cells of the scale margin.View full abstractDownload PDF (6261K) -
Relation between Quality and Chemical Composition of “Asakusanori”Hiroyuki NODA1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 30-34
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS“Asakusanori”, the dried laver of Porphyra yezoensis, was obtained from different culture grounds in Ise Bay and analyzed for total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, carbohydrate, crude fibre, crude fat and ash, to ascertain the relation between quality chemical composition.
1) Superior samples generally contained more of the total nitrogen and protein nitrogen than the inferior ones.
2) The ratio of protein nitrogen to total nitrogen was 80-85% in the former and 70-75% in the latter.
3) Differing from the previous reports, it was recognized that the inferior samples contained more carbohydrate than the superior ones. A negative correlation was found between the carbohydrate and total nitrogen contents.
4) Seasonal changes of the chemical composition were studied by using the specimens from a culture ground in the Shiroko district. Total nitrogen and protein nitrogen showed a gradual decrease with the lapse of culture, but the carbohydrate and crude ash content increased gradually.View full abstractDownload PDF (316K) -
Relation between Quality and Inorganic Constituents of “Asakusanori”Hiroyuki NODA1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 35-39
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe dried laver Porphyra yezoensis was analyzed for its inorganic constituents, by using the specimens previously reported. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1) Inferior samples contained more Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Al than the superior ones.
2) A high concentration of Zn in the superior samples was noticeable.
3) The concentration rates of these elements were in the following order: P>Zn>Mn, Fe >Cu.>Si>Ca>Mg.
4) In the culture period between December and February, concentrations of P, Zn and Mg reduced gradually while those of Ca, Fe, Si, Mn and Cu increased gradually.View full abstractDownload PDF (313K) -
Effect of Several Aldehydes, Especially Azelaaldehydic Acid, in the Autoxidized Oil on DiscolorationKenshiro FUJIMOTO, Ichiko ABE, Takashi KANEDA1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 40-43
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a previous paper, the results indicated that the role of unsaturated carbonyls in the discoloration reaction seemed more important than those of the saturated carbonyls. While NONAKA reported that half-aldehydes longer than glutaraldehydic acid were presumed to be important precursors of the browning in fish oil.
In this study, to make the effect of half-aldehyde on browning clear, the browning potentialities of azelaaldehydic acid (AZA) and its methyl ester (MAZ) were examined in comparison with those of common aldehydes in autoxidized oil, propanal and 2-hexenal, by the model systems with volatile bases.
AZA and MAZ were prepared from oleic acid by ozonolysis (Fig. 1).
As shown in Figs. 2 and 3, in both reactions with ammonia and trimethylamine, the most rapid browning occured with 2-hexenal and the browning potentialities of AZA and MAZ were relatively low and equal to or less than that of propanal.
Subsequently, the brown discoloration between ammonia and methyl ester of cuttle-fish liver oil, both autoxidized (carbonyl value 377) and unoxidized ones contain-ing authentic aldehydes equivalent to carbonyl value of autoxidized oil, were examined. The results showed that the browning of autoxidized oil was far more extensive than those of the others (Fig. 4). In these experiments, of the aldehydes examined, 2-hexenal also exhibited higher browning potentiality than AZA.View full abstractDownload PDF (228K) -
Effect of Ribose on the Browning Reaction Derived from Autoxidized OilKenshiro FUJIMOTO, Jun-ichi SAITO, Takashi KANEDA1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 44-47
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been considered that the brown discoloration observed in fish porducts is caused chiefly by two reactions; i.e. the browning derived from autoxidized oil and the MAILLARD reaction. As to which reaction is the main, TOYOMIZU and his coworkers concluded in their model experiments with lysine-ribose-lipid systems that the brown-ing was due mainly to the MAILLARD reaction. In a previous papers3), the authors noticed that volatile base is an important ingredient in the browning with autoxidized oil. In order to find which reaction is responsible for the browning of fish products, the model systems composed of autoxidized oil, ribose, non-volatile amino compounds and volatile base extracted from fish products. These were prepared on the basis of their content in fish products, and the effect of each component on the browning was compared in two types of model experiments: 1) the liquid phase reaction systems in which the solutions of amino compounds and ribose were shaken with autoxidized oil, 2) the solid reaction systems on celite.
As results, in the reaction of autoxidized oil with the solution of ribose and amino compounds, the browning with volatile base was superior to that with non-volatile amino compounds. And as to the effect of ribose, only the reaction with non-volatile amino compounds was accelerated (Fig. 1).
In the model systems on celite, the browning substances were separated to benzene-methanol fraction (reaction with autoxidized oil) and aqueous fraction (MAILLARD reaction), and the optical density of both fractions were measured at 445mμ (Figs. 2 and 3). The most remarkable browning was noticed by the reaction of autoxidized oil with the volatile base. Presence of ribose accelerated the browning of autoxidized oil with non-volatile amino compounds, but no effect was observed on the reaction with volatile base. This was supported also by the experiments on the change of the carbonyl value of oil and the decrease of ribose during the browning reaction (Table 1). From these data the authors conclude that carbonyl compounds derived from autoxidized oil and volatile base must be important in the browning reaction of fish products.View full abstractDownload PDF (281K) -
Hideomi AMANO, Kanehisa HASHIMOTO, Fumio MATSUURA1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 48-54
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHemoglobins (Hb) of five subspecies of “funa”, Japanese crucian carp, i.e., “kinbuna”, “ginbuna”, “gengorobuna”, “nigorobuna”, and “nagabuna”, were analyzed by the starch gel electrophoretic method. Results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) More than two Hb patterns were presented by those subspecies except “nagabuna”. Through all the patterns observed, most components showed common migration velocities and the slowest component was almost always predominant. (2) As far as the Hb patterns are concerned, “kinbuna” and “ginbuna” seem to be very closely related to each other. So is the case between “nigorobuna” and “nagabuna”. On the other hand, “gengorobuna” appears to be somewhat distantly related to those four subspecies.View full abstractDownload PDF (371K) -
Purines in the Skin of Cultured Salmon and TroutYutaka FUJII, Juami YAMADA, Toshio ONISHI1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 55-62
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGuanine and hypoxanthine contained in the skin of Hime (Kokanee) salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka f. adonis, cherry salmon, Oncorhynchus masou f. mason, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii irideus and brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis were analyzed.
The purines were found several times richer in the ventral skin of the fish than in the dorsal skin (Fig. 2 and Table 3). In the stages showing silvery color, the purines appeared deposited mostly on the scale and in a white layer between the dermis and muscle, which is tentatively called “skin layer” by JOHNSTON and EALES5) (Fig. 3 and Table 4). The purines in the skin of non-silver fish showed a tendency to decrease as the fish grew, from 8 to 32 months old. On the contrary, those in silver fish were several times, sometimes ten times higher in content than those in the non-silver fish 8 to 32 months old (Tables 5, 6 and 7).
Considering the fact that fish gains much in weight during this period, it may be concluded that the purines in silver fish are continually synthesized and deposited at this stage. However, in non-silver fish such synthesis do not seem to take place, and therefore, the deposition of purines could not be observed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1156K) -
Shin-ichi TESHIMA, Akio KANAZAWA1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 63-67
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the present study, the sterol compositions of the lobster, Panulirus japonica, prawn, Penaeus japonicus, crab, Portunus trituberculatus, Amphipoda, Caprella sp., Mysidacea, Neomysis intermedia, and 3 species of mantis crabs, Gonodactylus falcatus, Gonodactylus chiragra, and Odontodactylus scyllarus, were investigated by using gas-chromatography. Cholesterol was the major sterol (73-100%) in these animals. In the case of prawn, Am-phipoda, and Mysidacea, the other sterols were contained as a consituents in addition to cholesterol. 22-Dehydrocholesterol was present in the prawn (3%), Amphipoda (4%), and Mysidacea (3%). The presence of 24-methylenecholesterol was also demonstrated in the above 3 crustaceans. Brassicasterol and desmosterol were found in the Amphipoda (22%) and Mysidacea (8%), respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (295K) -
Shin-ichi TESHIMA, Akio KANAZAWA1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 68-72
Published: January 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study describes the sterol compositions of 5 species of marine occuring yeast. The crude sterols were isolated from the unsaponifiable materials by a digitonineprecipitation method or a column chromatography (alumina). The sterols were identified by gas-chromatography, ultraviolet absorption, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry.
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Cryptococcus albidus, and Sporobormyces salmonicolor were found to contain ergosterol and campesterol. In the case of Toruropsis dattila and Toruropsis famata, the unknown digitonine-precipitable substance (RRT on SE-30, 1.34) was detected in addition to the above 2 sterols.View full abstractDownload PDF (287K) -
1971 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 73
Published: 1971
Released on J-STAGE: April 22, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (65K)
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