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Volume 45, Issue 3
Displaying 1-22 of 22 articles from this issue
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Tooru YONEMORI, Gunzo KAWAMURA, Akira KABAYAMA1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 277-279
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe accuracy of the compensation of the horizontal eye movements must be discussed in rela-tion to head movements. To clarify the head movements of swimming fish, it was observed by the use of strain gage imbedded in fish body. The results were compared with the cinematographical measurements.
From the records of strain-changes, the horizontal flexing movements of tail, trunk and head could be clearly detected. It is apparent that, though there is specific variation, tail and trunk show the regular wave-form movements, while the head of carp and crucian carp shows rather irregular wave-form movements, which is similar to the movement measured cinematographically. Hence it was concluded that a cinematographical angular measurement of head was accurate and reliable.View full abstractDownload PDF (729K) -
Importaance of Vision Estimated from Brain Pattern, Visual Acuity of Retina, and AccommodationGunzo KAWAMURA1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 281-286
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the series of these studies, the vision and the behaviour by vision of spotted mackerel are studied with a view to applying the results to fishing, and more effective angling techniques are discussed. In this paper, the brain pattern was observed to clarify, the significance of vision in behaviour. Spotted mackerel has a brain with poorly-developed telencephalon and facial and vagal lobes, and well-developed optic tectum and cerebellum. And so it is concluded that the role of vision is the most important in its behaviour, especially the movement perception. The retina was observed histologically and the visual acuity was calculated as 0.18. There is no significant difference in the cone density distribution between the left and the right retinae, and also its individual variation was not significant. Accommodative lens movement was observed. It occurs along the dorsonasal-ventrotemporal axis, and the near point was calculated as 24cm distance for the adult.View full abstractDownload PDF (558K) -
Akihiro KIJIMA, Yoshihisa FUJIO1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 287-295
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe chum salmon populations collected from 21 rivers in Japan were analyzed by using as markers the three genes, Idh-A2, Idh-B2, and Ldh-Al, controlling IDH and LDH isozymes.
(1) No differences in gene frequencies at the three loci were found between the sexes or between the years of catch.
(2) Any two of the 21 river populations showed clear differences of gene frequencies, indicating that they are independent of each other.
(3) The chum salmon populations in Japan could be divided into at least 3 groups: Hokkaido group, and the Pacific Ocean and Japan Sea groups of Honshu.
(4) A geographical cline of gene frequencies was observed in each of the Pacific Ocean and Japan Sea groups of Honshu, the phenomenon suggests that there has been a mixing of chum salmon individuals between neighboring rivers, though on a small scale.View full abstractDownload PDF (544K) -
Same Year RecapturesSyoiti TANAKA1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 297-303
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA migration system model was constructed on the basis of information obtained from the tagging experiments. Two migration routes start from Sagami Bay and Kumano-nada area, central Japan. One is southward migration in spring in the direction of Kyushu, and the other is northward migration in summer to northern Japan. Recapture data within the year of release were applied to this system model and the fishing rate, transfer rate, and the rate of disappearance were estimated. In 1926-1938 period, about 80% of southward migrants disappeared from both Kumano-nada and Tosa Bay and discontinuity of the distribution of the population at these points was suggested. In 1963-1965 period the boundary at Kumano-nada disappeared and 85% of fish moved south from there toward Tosa Bay. More than a half of the fish which once disappeared from Sagami Bay and Kumano-nada in the spring season reappeared in northern Japan in summer. The fishing rate for southward migrants in the spring season was about 20% in 1926-1938 period, but in 1963-1965 the rate increased to more than 30% in Sagami Bay and Kumano-nada. The fishing rate was low in northern Japan being not more than 10% in both periods.View full abstractDownload PDF (524K) -
Kouichi YOSHIZAKI, Tamotsu TAMURA1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 305-311
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe following results were obtained in the ultrastructural observations on the skin of a mormyrid fish (Gnathonemus petersii).
The characteristics of the skin structure of this fish were the presence of ver flat cells in the middle layer of the epidermis and mucoid-containing vesicles in the cytoplasm of the epiderma cell.
Melanophores were observed in the epidermis and dermis. The epidermal melanophores were located in the inner layer of the epiderms. Sometimes, the melanophores in the process of melano-some-synthesis were observed in the epidermis. The dermal melanophores were found just beneath the basal lamina, and also in the deeper dermis. They were 250-300μm in diameter. Therefore, the dermal melanophores fall into hte category of so-called “macromelanophore.”View full abstractDownload PDF (1129K) -
Katuji HONDA, Makoto SUZUKI, Kiyoshi INOUE, Tsutomu ISOUCHI1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 313-321
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe samples of towing rope disused after their usage in trawl fishing were collected from various fishing ports during the period from July, 1973 to July, 1976 and their properties were examined in relation to their fishing conditions.
In this study, the results obtained are as follows:
1) Minimum ratio of strength (T/T0) allowable for the towing rope was nearly 30% in small sized fishing boats within 10 tons and nearly 50% in medium sized fishing boat.
2) Minimum ratio of diameter (D/D0) and weight per unit length (W/W0) of disused ropes were nearly 85% and 70%, respectively.
3) The larger the size of the net became, the larger the declining value of rope strength and the declining value was also large on rough fishing ground.
4) The declining values of strength of synthetic fiber ropes are generally smaller than that of manila hemp ropes.
5) Minimum values of the remaining tensile strengths of disused ropes in each tonnage of fishing boats are nearly in proportion to the tonnage of fishing boats.
Where T0, T, D0, D, W0 and W are values before and after the usage in trawl fishing, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (779K) -
An Experiment with Carp under Carbon Dioxide AccumulationYasuo ITAZAWA, Tatsusuke TAKEDA1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 323-327
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDissolved oxygen in ambient water is considered to have effects on fish life through the influence on oxygen level in the arterial blood. The minimum requirement of ambient oxygen for carp is, based on this idea, estimated to be 70-80mmHg in partial pressure or 45-55% in percent saturation, from the minimum level of ambient oxygen.required for maintenance of normal levels of partial pressure, percent saturation and estimated concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood.
These values coincide with those estimated in the previous paper by one of the present authors and those estimated from rearing experiments of CHIBA.View full abstractDownload PDF (318K) -
An Estimation of the Minimun Level of Dissolved Oxygen in Water Required for Normal Life of Fish-IIIAn Experiment with Carp Avoiding Carbon Dioxide AccumulationTatsusuke TAKEDA, Yasuo ITAZAWA1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 329-333
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLow Pco2 in the ambient water owing to diffusion of expired carbon dioxide into nitrogen bubbles, in the present experiments, reduced Pco2 in the arterial blood, increased oxygen affnity of the blood, and caused lowering from 70-80 mmHg to 30mmHg of the minimnum level of ambient oxygen required for maintenance of oxygen concentration in the arterial blood. The higher value obtained by the previous experiments, where accumulation of carbon dioxide in both water and blood was not avoided, is considered to be reliable as the criterion of ambient oxygen, because decrease of ambient oxygen is usually followed by increase of ambient carbon dioxide at an equal ratio. The present value is considered to be useful for discussion in basic physiology of carp respiration, because the effects of hypoxia on fish are clearly shown by avoiding the effects of carbon dioxide accumulation.View full abstractDownload PDF (282K) -
Vertical Motion of a Float Exposed to Sine WaveTakeshi YAMANE1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 335-339
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this paper attention is focused on the vertical motion of a freely floating sphere under the action of incident sine wave for the purpose of applying the verified theory to the motion of surface fishing gear. To simplify the problem, the linearized equation is used to describe the motion of float. To assess its accuracy and practicality, the experiments have been done under different wave conditions using semi-submerged sphere in the wave channel. The displacements of float and water level from their equilibrium positions were recorded respectively by a 35mm continuous moving-motor-driven camera with the aid of a stroboscope at the same time. To examine the response characteristics of the float, experimental data showing the relation between the amplitude and the circular frequency were presented. The computed values obtained from the linearized equation of the motion closely coincide with experimental results at different wave conditions. Through the experimental verification, it has been found that the motion of sphere exposed to wave action is represented by the linearized equation of motion under the conditions defined in this study.View full abstractDownload PDF (565K) -
Yoshiaki ITOH, Reiji YOSHINAKA, Shizunori IKEDA1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 341-345
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to elucidate the role of SH groups and SS bonds of fish protein in the gel formation of fish meat by heating, the effects of L-cysteine and L-cystine on the gel formation were examined. The gel forming ability was evaluated via the gel strength, which is given as the product of the tensile strength and the breaking length. By adding cysteine and cystine to the fish meat pastes from Alaska pollack, cod, tuna, and carp, the gel strengths of their gels were increased. Cystine added to carp meat paste and to carp actomyosin solution was reduced to cysteine upon heating. These findings indicate the possibilities that the promoting effects of cysteine and cystine on the gel formation are due not only to the oxidation of SH groups to intermolecular SS bonds by cystine, but also to the formation of mixed disulfides by SH-SS interchange and to the enhancement of SS interchange between protein molecules by cysteine.View full abstractDownload PDF (348K) -
Kiyoyoshi NISHITA, Osamu OTANI1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 347-351
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAccording to the method adopted for striated adductor muscles of scallop, purified actins were successfully prepared from the smooth adductor muscles of surf-clam, Spisula sachalinensis, and scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis.
1) Crude G-actins, extracted by the method of STRAUB, were found to be contaminated with a small amount of tropomyosin and paramyosin. These crude actins were highly purified by the method of SPUDICH et al. The yields of pure G-actins were 400mg and 150mg from 100g of smooth adductor muscles of surf-clam and scallop, respectively.
2) G-actin preparations were polymerized by the addition of 0.1M KCl; they had a viscosity similar to that of rabbit skeletal F-actin.
3) Reconstituted actomyosins from smooth adductor F-actin and rabbit skeletal myosin showed the characteristic properties of actomyosin, i.e. superprecipitation, high ATP-sensitivities, elevation of Mg2+-ATPase activity, and stabilization of Ca2+-ATPase activity.
4) From these results, it is concluded that the biological activities of actins from the smooth adductor muscles of surf-clam and scallop are essentially the same as those of actins from the striated adductor muscles of scallop and the skeletal muscles of rabbit.View full abstractDownload PDF (739K) -
Noboru SUGIMOTO, Satoshi KASHIWAGI, Toshio MATSUDA1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 353-362
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecovery tests of FZD from carp (Cyprinus carpio) muscle yielded 89.3% as the recovery rate at 10 ppb, 87.4% at 5 ppb. 75.5% at 2 ppb, and 77.4% at 1 ppb. The recovery tests of FZD from eel (Anguilla japonica) muscle gave 90.7% as the recovery rate at 10 ppb, 86.4% at 5 ppb, 83.3% at 2 ppb, and 76.6% at 1 ppb.
Changes in the concentration of FZD in carp muscle after administration of 1 hour's bathing at 10 ppm solution were examined. After the bathing, the concentration of FZD in muscle went up to 29.7 ppb, then it decreased gradually with the passing of time and went below the minimum detection limit (0.2 ppb) at 24 hours. The concentration of FZD in FZD in eel muscle was also increased to 65.5 ppb by the bathing, it decreased gradually and and went below the detection limit (0.2 ppb) at 24 hours after bathing.
Changes in concentration of FZD in carp muscle after oral administration at 100 mg/kg body weight were examined. Maximum levels of concentration were 84.5-81.1 ppb at 3-6 hours after administration, these decreased gradually and arrived at the detection limit (0.2 ppb) at 48 hours after administration. The concentration of FZD in eel muscle were at the maximum levels of 89.7-82.8 ppb at 3-12 hours after administration, they also decreased gradually and arrived at the detection limit (0.2 ppb) at 72 hours after administration.View full abstractDownload PDF (662K) -
Qsamu DESHIMARU, Katsunobu KUROKI1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 363-367
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe dietary requirements of prawn, Penaeus japonicus, for thiamine, pyridoxine, and choline chloride were studied by feeding purified test dies. The results are summarized as follows:
1. The influences of dietary thiamine level on the growth and survival of prawn appeared to be rather obscure during the feeding experiment for twelve weeks, though the growth of the prawn fed on a thiamine-deficient diet declined slightly after ten weeks. The desirable level of dietary thiamine hydrochloride was found to be approximately 6mg per 100g diet on the basis of the growth, or approximately 12mg based on the thiamine content of prawn at the end of the feeding experiment.
2. Retardation of growth and high mortality of prawn occurred early on a pyridoxine-deficient diet. Also, the prawn maintained on a diet with a high pyridoxine level exhibited low growth. The favorable level of dietary pyridoxine was found to be approximately 12mg per 100g diet on the basis of both the growth and the pyridoxine content of prawn at the end of the feeding experiment.
3. The prawn fed on a choline-deficient diet showed a similar growth to those fed on choline-supplemented diets. Also the bodily choline concentration was high regardless of the level of dietary choline chloride. This vitamin was concluded to be dispensable for the growth of the prawn.View full abstractDownload PDF (332K) -
Masakatsu YANAGIMOTO, Noriko KATO, Yoshiko YOKOYAMA, Toshio KOBAYASHI, ...1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 369-374
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to evaluate processings, the chemical compositions of Antarctic krill were meas-ured. Whole krills were investigated with respect to the seasonal variations and the differences among individuals. The content of crude fat is characteristic of these chemical analyses.The Later the catch date is, the larger the content of crude fat becomes. The content of crude fat in each krill also has a very large standard deviation value. Meat prepared with the roll peeling method has a high level of protein content, but the method has low yield. Viscera portions separated with two de-viscera methods show high levels of fat content. This shows that viscera can be considered as a source of fat.View full abstractDownload PDF (447K) -
Masakatsu YANAGIMOTO, Yoshiko YOKOYAMA, Toshio KOBAYASHI1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 375-378
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA new method to remove the viscera part from Antarctic krill is proposed here. A high pressure water jet was applied to the suspension of krill-water, and the kinetic energy of the jet washed the viscera part out of the Antarctic krill.
Using a water pump which was designed to keep a flow rate of 13l/min and an outlet pressure of 3 kg/cm2, the best result was obtained with a vessel volume of 500ml and a nozzle diameter of 4.8mm. Sample amounts up to 50g in the 500ml vessel had the same de-viscera rate. It took 30 sec to remove almost all the viscera in the 500ml vessel with the 4.8mm diameter nozzle. The recovery yield was 53.4% under these conditions.
Two other modified methods were the so called shower type and shaking type. Both resulted in successful treatments.View full abstractDownload PDF (325K) -
β-Oxidation of 22:6 Acid in Fish Live and Dark Muscle MitochondriaHisashi MURATA1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 379-383
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to elucidate the role of polyunsaturated fatty acid in β-oxidation, the characteristics of β-oxidation were studied in various fish liver and dark muscle mitochondria, using 22:6 acid as substrate.
It was reaffirmed that β-oxidation of 22:6 acid was clearly inferior to that of 18:1 acid in hepatopancreas and dark muscle of carp (Cyprinus carpio) weighing 545g and that β-oxidation of 22:6 acid in hepatopancreas was inferior to that in dark muscle. Moreover, β-oxidation of 22:6 acid was inferior to that of 18:1 acid in hepatopancreas and dark muscle at all the stages.
In carp and red sea bream (Chrysophrys madjor), in which the contribution of dark muscle to β-oxidation was important, β-oxidation of 22:6 acid in dark muscle was inferior to that of 18:1 acid as in the liver, but the β-oxidation was superior to that in the liver. So it was suggested that 22:6 acid was much more subject to β-oxidation in the dark muscle than in theliver of these fish.
On the other hand, 22:6 acid was scarcely subject to β-oxidation in dark muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii), in which the contribution of dark muscle to β-oxidation was not im-portant. β-Oxidation of 22:6 acid in dark muscle of tilapia (Tilapia zillii) was entirely undetested.
It was concluded that energy metabolism owing to β-oxidation of 22:6 acid was extremely inferior in fish showing inactive β-oxidation in dark muscle, because 22:6 acid was scarcely subject to β-oxidation in fish liver.View full abstractDownload PDF (357K) -
Takeshi SUZUKI, Michizo SUYAMA1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 385-388
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPhosphopeptides containing large quantities of serine and phosphorus were found in the trichloroacetic acid extract of matured eggs of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and could be precipitated from the extract with ethanol. When the ethanol concentration of the extract was increased, the amount of precipitate was increased; the peptides obtained at 90% ethanol concentration amounted to about 1% of the rainbow trout eggs and contained more than half of both the nitrogen and the phosphorus of the extract. These peptides emerged in the position of the X-component on the cation exchange column chromatography. Their amino acid composition resembled that of the X-component in large amounts of serine, aspartic acid, arginine, alanine, etc., and in less amounts of aromatic amino acids and sulfur-containing amino acids. However, the peptides seemed to be a mixture of the same kind of phospho-peptides, judging from the facts that the nitrogen/phosphorus molar ratios of the precipitates obtained at various ethanol concentrations were not the same, that the peptides obtained at 90% ethanol were separated into two fractions by dialysis, and that some peaks were observed in an electrophoretic diagram of the higher molecular fraction.View full abstractDownload PDF (341K) -
Seasonal Variation of Sterol, Hydrocarbon, Fatty Acid, and Phytol Fractions in Ulva pertusaMasayoshi OKANO, Takaaki ARATANI1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 389-393
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present paper describes the seasonal variation of constituents such as the sterol, hydrocarbon, higher fatty acid, and phytol fractions from the Ulva pertusa. 28-Isofucosterol and C18-fatty acids were the major components throughout the year. The contents of 28-isofucosterol, cis-7-heptadecene, and C18-fatty acids varied in a relatively parallel way during all seasons. The 28-isofucosterol content attained its maximum level in the winter months, while the cholesterol content was maximum in August. The 24-methylenecholesterol content was, consistently low in all seasons.
cis-7-Heptadecene was characteristically present in appreciable amounts, except during the summer months; the phytol content attained its maximum level in April. The palmitic acid content rapidly increased from early summer to July and then rapidly decreased to a negligible amount in September. Conversely, the C18-fatty acid contents during the summer months were lower than those during the other seasons.
The correlation between the seasonal variation of these constituents and the growth of the algae is discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (391K) -
Takeshi YASUMOTO, Akio INOUE, Raymond BAGNIS, Monique GARCON1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 395-399
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFollowing the previous discovery of a new toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus as the most likely cause of ciguatera, an ecological survey was undertaken on this organism around Tahiti Island and in the Gambier Islands of French Polynesia. In the survey the epiphytic nature of the dinoflagellate was disclosed and a rapid assay method was established by taking advantage of this living patten. The method consisted of shaking off of the organisms from the appropriate substrative algae and subsequent microscopic counting of the cells. The population of the organism was found much higher in the Gambier Islands than around Tahiti, even though there were marked regionalities in both survey areas. The distribution map prepared by the survey not only agreed well with the results of the past surveys but gave a more quantitiative and clearer picture of the ciguatera-endemicity of the areas.View full abstractDownload PDF (364K) -
“Ayu” Plecoglossus altivelis, a Fish Closely Related to SalmonidaeKatsuhiko YOSHIYASU1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 401-406
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to contribute to the taxonomy of “ayu” Plecoglossus altivelis which is considered to be closely related to Salmonidae, the hemoglobin (Hb) of this fish was examined by starch-gel electrophoresis. Results showed that “ayu” Hb is composed of 9-14 components, all of which migrate anodically. The electropherogram was found to depend on the ageing of “ayu”: With the growth of this fish, several components of larger mobilities decreased in relative proportions and some of them even disappeared completely, and correspondingly some slowly migrating components were reinforced. No significant dependence on other factors such as the locality and season of catch, sex, etc. was recognized. The above ontogenetic changes of “ayu” Hb seemed to give some support to our previous hypothesis on the evolution of Hb.View full abstractDownload PDF (1203K) -
Kenzo Toyama, Wasaku Yano1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 407
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (92K) -
Kazumasa UEMATSU, Isao HANYU, Takashi HIBIYA, Kunio Yamamori1979 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 409
Published: March 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (107K)
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