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Volume 30, Issue 12
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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TRANSFERENCE OF LIVING FISH AND AUTOPSY OF PUMPED FISHChosei YOSHIMUTA, Yozo TAWARA, Shinsuke MITSUGI, Shin'ichi YAJIMA, Sab ...1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 951-954
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor efficiently operating a fish farm, the fish under care have to be sorted into size groups and transferred from pond to pond as often as possible. In this respect, experiments on utility of a 4-inch and an 8-inch pumps were carried out at a rainbow trout hatchery in November 1961. Procedures adopted to compare the operative efficiency were, as usually practiced in the sorting operation, to transfer living fish by means of dip net or to shed them down through a chute along with water pumped up from a pond. Thus, the efficiency was compared between the pumping operation and the other procedures in regard to the toll of dead fish, physical effects upon fish, and the time needed for each operation. The results are indicated in Tables 1 to 4 along with essential data pertinent to the experiments.
It was tentatively concluded that a positive efficiency of using a pump over the ordinary procedures would well cover up the mortality of fish probably attributable to the pumping.View full abstractDownload PDF (241K) -
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF A PREALBUMIN FRACTION IN THE OTOLITH FLUID OF SOME FISH, CORRESPONDING TO THE PERIOD OF OPAQUE ZONE FORMATION IN THE OTOLITHYasuo MUGIYA1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 955-967
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe protein concentration and distribution of the protein fractions of the otolith fluid (endolymph of the sacculus) were determined seasonally by the micro-Kjeldahl method and by paper and cellulose acetate electrophoresis, using three types of fish, flatfish, goldfish and rainbow trout, which have differing otolith characteristics.
(1) The otolith fluid was successfully collected from the sacculus by use of a fine glass capillary. The average amount of this fluid collected from one medium-sized individual was about 15 μl in flatfish, 1 μl in goldfish, and 7 μl in rainbow trout.
(2) An additional fraction of prealbumin was found to occur seasonally in the otolith fluid of both flatfish and goldfish at a certain time corresponding to the period of opaque zone formation in their otoliths, while such a seasonal occurrence of a prealbumin fraction was not detected electrophoretically throughout the year in the otolith fluid of rainbow trout whose otolith is homogeneously glassy, nor in all the sera of the species examined.
(3) In the otolith fluid of flatfish, the protein concentration was found to increase seasonally corresponding to the period of opaque zone formation in the otolith, while such a seasonal change of the protein concentration was not found in the otolith fluid of rainbow trout, nor in the sera of both flatfish and rainbow trout.
(4) Accordingly, both the seasonal occurrence of an additional prealbumin fraction and the seasonal increase of the protein concentration in the otolith fluid may favor the formation of the organic matrix of the opaque zone in the otolith.View full abstractDownload PDF (1992K) -
Fumio MITANI, Etsuko IDA1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 968-977
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the present paper, growth and age of the jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus (TEMMINCK et SCHLEGEL), are estimated, based upon the. ring mark on scale stripped fromthe 610 fish caught by purse seine operated by a single boat in the East China Sea during the three years from 1957 to 1959. Results obtained are as follows:
1) Ring marks on scale of the fish are formed twice a year, one presumably in summer and the other in winter.
2) The so-called LsEE's phenomenon is observed, and the cause of the phenomenon is presumed to be due to shrinking of old tissue of scale.
3) Growth in length of the fish is given in Table 6, in Fig. 6 as well as in von BERTALANFFY's equation (2); and growth in weight is given in Table 7, in Fig. 8 and in equation (4).View full abstractDownload PDF (702K) -
SURVIVAL RATEFumio MITANI, Etsuko IDA1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 978-982
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) Catch in number of jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus (TEMMINCK et SCHLEGEL), in each yearclass was obtained by the so-called method of age-length key, based on the length-composition of the fish caught by purse seine operated by one boat in the East China Sea during the six years from 1957 to 1962 (Table 1).
2) On the assumption that each age-group of a fish population is expressed as Sx, where x is age and S the survival rate, the yearly survival rate S was estimated from the data shown in Table 1 (Tables 2 and 3).
3) The survival rate of the 2-year-old fish during the year of their growth has been raised year by year up to the 1960 year-class beginning with the 1955 class except for the 1957 fish. This fact probably shows that the fishing pressure on the aged fish has been intensified year by year since 1958 when the exploitation of the fishing ground in the middle region of the East China Sea was begun (Table 4).View full abstractDownload PDF (363K) -
ON THE ABSORPTION OF P32 LABELLED PHOSPHORUS BY AN AGAR SEAWEED (GELIDIUM AMANSII)Nobuo YAMADA, Yoshito IWAHASHI, Komin OSADA, Yoshihiko OMURA1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 983-985
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPreliminary experiments were made on the use of radiophosphorus (P32) as an index to know the effective range of a manure applied to the Gelidium beds and also as a labelling agent of a phosphate manure good for a simple and reliable method to know the alga's absorption rate of phosphorus from the manure. The results obtained indicate that the use of P32 is promising in the study of manure since it is absorbed rapidly by Gelidium from the whole surface of its thallus almost uniformly.View full abstractDownload PDF (1028K) -
ON THE MANURING FOR YELLOWED GELIDIUM BEDNobuo YAMADA, Yoshito IWAHASHI1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 986-992
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo experiments carried out repeatedly in 1960 and 1961 on the effect of nitrogenous manure to the yellowed Gelidium beds along the coasts of the Izu Peninsula, Middle Honshu, resulted in a remarkable recovery of the healthy reddish color of the algal thalli. Thus the manuring method reported in this paper is proved effective and practicable for improving the growth of Gelidium in the sea. The results obtained in those experiments are summarized as follows:
1) The rate of thallus weight increase of the agar seaweed within the manured area was 2.9-5.4 times as high as that in the control area.
2) The content of the nitrogenous component of the agar seaweed within the manured area increased by 0.5 percent in total-N and 0.4 percent in protein-N, both in proportion to the dry weight, as compared with its content before manuring.
3) The range of effective area of a perforated polyethylene bag containing the manure as much as 0.5 kg in net weight was 0.62-2.1m2, so that the appropriate number of the manure bags to be thrown upon a Gelidium bed would be 0.5-1.7 per one square meter.
4) The rate of manure absorption of the agar seaweed in the experimental ground was 0.8-4.7 percent.
5) The frequent occurrence of the yellowed agar seaweed in summer may be attributable to the deficiency of nitrogen in sea-water due to the active metabolism of nitrogen induced by higher water temperature and brighter sunlight.View full abstractDownload PDF (1205K) -
HISTOCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF THE NATURE OF ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE IN ORGANIC CRYSTALSKoji WADA1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 993-998
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS(1) The nature of acid mucopolysaccharide in the organic crystals found in glass coverslip preparations of several marine bivalves was identified on the point of histochemical view.
(2) It was considered that the acid mucopolysaccharide localized in the organic crystals is the sulfuric ester, probably chondroitin sulfate.View full abstractDownload PDF (1082K) -
Creatine and Creatinine Contents in Fish Muscle ExtractivesMorihiko SAKAGUCHI, Masao HUJITA, Wataru SIMIDU1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 999-1002
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSContents of creatine and creatinine in fish muscle were surveyed, and following results were obtained:
1) As to the contents of creatine and creatinine, no distinctive trend was found between dark-fleshed fishes and white-fleshed ones (One group of these different types of fishes is not always richer in these substances as compared with the other.).
2) As to the proportion of creatine nitrogen to extractive nitrogen, a general trend was found that greater values are assignable to dark-fleshed fishes as compared with white-fleshed ones except flathead flounder.View full abstractDownload PDF (218K) -
AMINO ACIDS, TRIMETHYLAMINE OXIDE, CREATINE, CREATININE AND NUCLEOTIDES IN FISH MUSCLE EXTRACTIVESMorihiko SAKAGUCHI, Wataru SIMIDU1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 1003-1007
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs a part of investigation on components of extractives in fish muscle, amino acids, trimethylamine oxide, creatine, creatinine and nucleotides in the dorsal muscle of six species of fishes were determined. Interesting facts on the species-difference in the amount of components were found, as shown in Fig. 1.
Muscle of dark-fleshed fishes, such as yellowfin tuna and mackerel, was rich in extractive nitrogen, in which histidine-N was predominant (Table 2). In white-fleshes fishes except flat fish, which was poor in extractive nitrogen, creatine was the dominant component and the amount of histidine was extremely small (Table 3). In elasmobranchs, urea was the major component (Table 2).
In the present analyses, 50-80% nitrogen was recovered from total extractive nitrogen.View full abstractDownload PDF (298K) -
CAUSATIVE BACTERIA OF SPOT-FORMING DETERIORATIONMotonobu YOKOSEKI, Yoko OKAWA1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 1008-1014
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVarious types of deterioration break out often in fish sausage stored for a long time in summer. In the previous paper1), it was shown that softening spoilage which is one of the above deteriorations is due to the growth of Bacillus pantothenticus.
This paper aims to identify the causative bacteria of “spot spoilage” which is another kind of deterioration of fish sausage.
Twenty pieces each of forty different kinds of fish sausage were obtained from 37 factories immediately after their manufacture. Each sausage was divided into two halves which were kept in incubators at 30° and 37°C. respectively. About 32 per cent of the samples stored at 37°C. showed reddish-brown and reddish-purple spots on the surface after 30 day's incubation. No such deterioration occurred in the samples kept at 30°C within the same period.
Viable bacteria to the extent of 105-107 per gram were found in the spotted portions of the spoiled products. From these bacteria 68 strains were separated and each of the separated strains was examined microbiologically. This examination showed that 63 of the strains were Bacillus coagulans which belongs to the group of thermophilic bacteria. Therefore, they could not grow at 30°C. The other 5 strains, isolated from only one sample, were also Bacillus, but were not identical with any of the known species.
Fish sausage inoculated with spores of a strain of B. coagulans which had been isolated from a spoiled product formed typical spots. These results show that the bacteria which cause spot deterioration are B. coagulans.View full abstractDownload PDF (452K) -
CAUSATIVE BACTERIA OF A TYPE OF GAS-FORMING DETERIORATIONMotonobu YOKOSEKI, Yoko OKAWA1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 1015-1021
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the preceding paper1), we reported the bacteria responsible for the spot-forming deterioration of fish sausage.
Among the various types of deterioration of fish sausage, gas-forming deterioration is next in importance to the spot-forming one. Of the seventy per cent of the total samples which showed more or less deterioration during five weeks of incubation at 37°C, 25 per cent were found to be of the gas-forming types.
An investigation was done to elucidate the causative bacteria responsible for this type of deterioration. The results obtained were as followed:
1) As many as 106-107 per gram of viable bacteria were detected in the surface of spoiled products by both microscopic observation and plate count methods. But in the core of the same samples the load of bacteria was much less than that of the spoiled parts.
2) Four separate species of Bacillus were identified from the total of 78 isolates: Bacillus firmus (38 strains), Bacillus circulans (25 stratins), Bacillus coagulans (12 strains) and Bacillus sphaericus (3 strains).
3) None of these Bacillus species showed gas formation from the media containing sugars. Also none of the strains examined except those which belonged to B. firmus or B. circulans produced gas from the medium to which nitrate or nitrite had been added. Therefore, B. firmus and B. circulans which had been isolated from the deteriorated products were identified as the denitrifying agents.
4) Since fish sausage usually contains added nitrate and nitrite, to preserve its meat color, B. firmus and B. circulans growing on or near the surface layer of the fish product may produce nitrogen gas from the nitrate and nitrite.View full abstractDownload PDF (430K) -
COMPARISON BETWEEN SUPER RAPID FREEZING BY LIQUID NITROGEN (-196°C) AND AIR (-20°C) FREEZINGTaneko SUZUKI, Koichi KANNA, Takeo TANAKA1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 1022-1037
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1 The effects of freezing
With the view of the denaturation of fish muscle protein, effect of super rapid freezing by immersing fish meat in liquid nitrogen was examined with a reference sample which had been frozen at -20°C. Sea bass, carp and Alaska pollack were frozen at temperatures of -196°C (liquid nitrogen) or -20°C (see Fig. 1) and the “myosins” (a mixture of actomyosin and myosin) extracted from the muscle were examined for their physico-chemical properties.
As seen in Table 3, no significant difference was observed in ultracentrifugal characteristics, viscometric behavior, ATP-sensitivity and the amounts of salt extractable proteins, between unfrozen muscle and muscle frozen in liquid nitrogen.
On the other hand, there were considerable differences in the characteristics of protein from unfrozen fish and from those frozen at -20°C. Increase of the amounts of the salt extractable proteins and dependence of the viscosity of myosins solution on the protein concentration and decrease of sedimentation constant (S20) value of actomyosin were found in muscles frozen at air of -20°C (Fig. 2, 4 (b), Table 1).
2 The effects of cold storage
No distinct change occured in the characteristics of “myosins” in the fish muscle frozen in liquid nitrogen, even after being stored for 1 week at -20°C, however, appreciable changes took place in samples after storage period for longer than 3 weeks at this temperature (Fig. 7, 8). When storage temperatures of -30°C or -80°C were employed, little changes in the ultracentrifugal properties were detected even after 11 weeks (Fig. 10).
On the other hand, proteins from muscle frozen and held at -20°C showed drastic changes in ultracentrifugal patterns and S20 value of actomyosin after only 1 week's storage (Fig. 7, 8).
Fine ice crystals were formed inside the muscle fiber when the tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -20°C for 3 weeks. There were pronounced differences in the microscopic structures of tissues frozen and stored at -20°C for the same period (Plate 1).
These findings suggest that super rapid freezing by means of liquid nitrogen can control protein denaturation, if sufficiently low storage temperatures (e. g. below -30°C) are used subsequently.View full abstractDownload PDF (5145K) -
ON THE PURIFICATION OF COLLAGEN BY ENZYMATIC TREATMENTMinoru KUBOTA, Hideo TAJIMA1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 1038-1042
Published: December 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe study was planned for the purification of collagen in dolphin hide by enzymatic treatment without destructing the fibre structure, the following result being obtained.
The Hiirotake enzyme product containing an acid-active enzyme from Trametes sanguinea (L. ExFr) Lloyd, seems likely to be capable of attacking the collagen from the fact of appearance of free hydroxyproline (Table 2).
On the contrary the Bioprase, an alkali-active enzyme obtained from Bac. subtilis var. Biotecus gave free hydroxyproline to an extent slightly observed after quite a long treatment (Tables 3 and 4).
Considering from the amounts of free amino acids and saccharides appearing in solution (Anthron and Orcin method), a time of liming may be said to be effective enough of two weeks.
From the fact that the increase of free amino acids and saccharides does not readily reach to equilibrium the enzymatic treatment can hardly be regarded as a satisfactory method of purification of collagen.View full abstractDownload PDF (307K) -
1964 Volume 30 Issue 12 Pages 1054
Published: 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 22, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (34K)
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