NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI
Online ISSN : 1349-998X
Print ISSN : 0021-5392
ISSN-L : 0021-5392
Volume 46, Issue 3
Displaying 1-22 of 22 articles from this issue
  • Ko MATUDA
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 275-280
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An experiment on a bottom drift net was conducted in a 25m long circulating water channel.It was observed that the relative speed of the net against the current speed increased and the net height lowered with increasing current spedd. The result suggested that the flow in the water channel was not uniform but due to a considerably thick bottom boundary layer. It was ascertained that the approximate formula on the moving speed of a net which had been derived in their previous reports by the author and his collaborator on the hypothesis that the current was uniform coincided with the experimental result, subject to the flow speed averaged uo to the net height from the bottom.
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  • 4 Element Model
    Kazue TANIDA
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 281-287
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    E1 Since the values of vinylon are considerably larger than those of other materials, an elongation for instantaneous load for vinylon is rather difficult to obtain. Also, as its average ratio of change is larger than that of other materials for the same number of single yarns n to E1, vinylon is considered to be most affected by the twisht.
    E2 From the shape of the curves for E2 and n for long-time loading, these materials can be divided into two groups namely, nylon, polyethylene and vinylon, polyester. Polyethylene is seen to be easily elongated to about 3-4 times more than nylon. η1 A decrease in the fluidity of the twine is caused with an increase in n, and this effect is the same for all 4 materials. The fluidity of polyethylene is 5-7 times greater than those of the other 3 materials. η2 From the relation between η2 and n, two groups are seen to be formed. Namely, nylon, polyethylene and vinylon, polyester, as was in E2 and these show the same behaviour pattern for n under long-time loading. The latter group is found to be affected to a greater extent than the former group by n, which in turn is affected by the twist. Polyethylene shows a fluidity that is 4 times greater than that for nylon in the same group. Considering these facts, nylon and polyethylene, amongst the 4 materials, are seen to show a rapid response, whereas the one with the shlowest response is vinylon, for instantaneous tensile loading. In the creep behaviour tests, while under a loong loading period polyethylene shows the most fluid elongation.
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  • Tsuyoshi KAWASAKI
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 289-293
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The modes of fluctuation in numbers of the marine teleosts have evolved in three directions. The first extreme is Subtype IA which makes short-period and irregular variation and the second one is Subtype IB which exhibits a large-scale and periodic change. The last one is Type II showing a small and steady variation. The species situated close to the extremes are sauries and sandeels, sardines and herrings, and tunas and flatfishes in the above order. Each type has selected the particular life history, corresponding to the environment inhabited. The selection of life history is the selection between two directions, i.e., one is to put the resources into the preservation of brood and the other is to pour them into that of nidividual. The inter-relations among the three types are shown as a three-type triangle and a given marine teleost occupies a position somewhere inside this triangle.
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  • Mikio OGURI
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 295-297
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
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    Presence of juxtaglomerular (JG) cells in trout kidneys was examined using two species, the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, and the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Confirmation was made on the occurrence of JG cells in the kidneys of both species. JG cells of these fishes are Bowie-positive, and also stainable with PAS.
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  • Kiyoshi ASAHINA, Ikuo IWASHITA, Isao HANYU, Takashi HIBIYA
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 299-305
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In an attempt to study the long-term reproductive rhythm on a bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus, adult fish were sampled using bottle traps about once a month at the Kayanuma Pond for one year and at the Shintone Canal for three consecutive years.
    From monthly changes in the GSI and gonadal histology, it was ascertained that their spawning season extended from the end of March to the middle of September. The GSI, for both female and male, showed a rapid rise, a peak in May and/or a plateau, and then a sudden decline.
    The female ovipositor grew to the anal fin height in March, along with yolk accumulation in the oocytes, and made cyclic changes in length during the spawning season. Toward the end of the season, the ovipositor dwindled, concurrent with ovarian regression. The testicular lobules contained cysts filled with spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes just before the spawning season, while the testis underwent shrinkage and the spermatogenesis stopped abruptly at the season's end.
    Such sudden changes in the gonadal histology suggest possible environmental control of the spawning season at its termination as well as intiation. At Kayanuma, the gonadal maturation of this species was delayed probably due to unfavorable nutrition indicated by low condition factor persisting through winter months.
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  • Katsuaki NASHIMOTO
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 307-312
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
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    Tail beat motion was considered to be simple harmonic oscillation. The swimming speed of fish in relation to the size and frequency of tail beating was investigated with a simple hydrodynamic model. These relationships were measured with rainbow trout remaining stationary in a circular tank in which water flowed at a speed of 15 to 80cm/s. The amplitude of tail beating was a constant proportion of fish length at all speeds, but the frequency of tail beating changed with speed. The fish have a minimum tail beating frequency (ƒ0) and a minimum swimming speed (V0) below which they cannot swim by movement of the caudal fin. This minimum tali beat frequency is a function of the length of the fish. The minimum swimming speed is constant for various sizes of a particular kind of fish, but changes according to the species of fish. Thus, the swimming speed depended on the frequency of the tail beat, the fish size and the body type.
    The general form of the formula was V=0.40√S2/S1L(F0)+V0, where V is the speed of the swimming fish, F is the frequency of the tail beat, V0 is the minimum speed of swimming at the minimum frequency of the tail beat ƒ0, L is the total length of the fish, S1 is the frontal area of the fish, S2 is the lateral area of the fish from center of mass to tip of tail. This formula provided accurate estimates of swimming speed according to frequency of tail beating and fish size when the fish were stuck in a mesh of gill net.
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  • Taizo SAKATA, Jun OKABAYASHI, Daiichi KAKIMOTO
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 313-317
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The composition and characteristics of microflora isolated from the intestine of Tilapia Zillii were determined for fishes reared in fresh and sea water. Intestinal microflora of fresh or sea water fishes consisted mainly of Aeromonas or Vibrio and Aeromonas respectively; while the predominant bacteria obtained from fresh or sea water samples were Flavobacterium or Pseudomonas, respectively. The intestinal bacteria isolated from sea water fish were slightly halophilic and lower in the percentage of casein hydrolytic strains compared with those from fresh water fish. Chitin hydrolytic bacteria were abundant in the intestines of both fresh and sea water fishes in contrast with water samples. The change of intestinal microflora of Tilapia zillii happened for a fairly short term depending on the change of environment.
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  • Katsuyuki SASAKI, Yasuo SAWADA
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 319-321
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to determine ammonia in estuaries or bays influenced by fresh water, we examined the effects of temperature and salt concentration on the development of the blue color of indophenol.
    It is found that the reaction temperature and the salt concentration of samples have complex effects on the time required for the completion of the color development and the absorbance in completion. However salt error was less than 5% when the reaction was performed for 30min at 40°C.
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  • Kazuhiro KOGURE, Ushio SIMIDU, Nobuo TAGA
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 323-326
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Living phyto- or zooplankton was isolated aseptically from natural seawater and incubated in seawater, enriched with small amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus sources under controlled conditions. The effect of the added plankton on the growth of heterotrophic bacteria and Vibro sp. in particular, were assessed. The overall results showed that generally phytoplankton specifically suppressed the growth of Vibrio sp., while zooplankton enhanced it. These effects were clear in samples incubated for 12 or 24 hours. The inhibitory effect of the phytoplankton became less remarkable after a longer period of incubation.
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  • Takeshi YASUMOTO, Yasukatsu OSHIMA, Yasutaka MURAKAMI, Ichiro NAKAJIMA ...
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 327-331
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Five species of dinoflagellates and three microalgae of benthic habitat collected in French Polynesia were grown in unialgal state and tested for toxicity on mice and for hemolytic activity. Two diethyl ether soluble toxins (PL toxin-I, II) and one fast-acting toxin soluble in 1-butanlo (PL toxin-III) were found in Prorocentrum lima. The chromatographic behaviors of PL toxin-I and II closely resembled those of scaritoxin and ciguatoxin prepared from ciguateric fishes. Potent hemolytic substance was present in Amphidinium sp. This species was also toxic to mice. No remarkable activity was detected in the following species: Coolia monotis, Amphidinium sp.-2, and Gymnodinium sp. (dinoflagellates); Chloococcopsis sp. and Isochrysis sp. (blue-green algae); and Nitzschia panduriformis (diatom).
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  • Takao MATSUNO, Hisako MATSUTAKA, Masaaki KATSUYAMA, Seiichi NAGATA
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 333-336
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Three stereoisomers of ε, ε-carotene-3, 3ε-diol were isolated from tunaxanthin fraction, which has hitherto been identified as a single carotenoid.
    Tunaxanthin fraction from the integuments of 27 species of fishes was a mixture of three stereoisomeric tunaxanthins, namely tunaxanthin A, tunaxanthin B and tunaxanthin C.
    In correlation with the experimental results of Californian fishes by BINGHAM et al., it has been deduced that tunaxanthin B is identical to oxyxanthin-51 and that tunaxanthin A and tunaxanthin C will be identical to anyone of the three stereoisomers, oxyxanthin-45, oxyxanthin-58 and chiriquixanthin B respectively although no direct comparison has yet been made.
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  • Takao MATSUNO, Hisako MATSUTAKA, Masaaki KATSUYAMA, Seiichi NAGATA
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 337-340
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The two stereoisomeric β, ε-carotene-3, 3'-diol were isolated from lutein fraction of the integuments in various fishes (44 species). These carotenoids were identified as lutein and 3'-epilutein (calthaxanthin) by two direct thin-layer chromatographic comparison with authentic lutein, natural calthaxanthin, synthetic lutein and synthetic 3'-epilutein.
    Lutein fraction, which has hitherto been identified as a single carotenoid, was a mixture of two stereoisomers, lutein and 3'-epilutein.
    From the experimental results about lutein fraction from extensive species of fishes, 3'-epilutein was generally dominant in the integuments although the ratio of lutein to 3'-epilutein varied to the species of fish.
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  • Kiyoko SAEKI, Hiroshi KUMAGAI
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 341-344
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The amounts of nutritive components and several nutritive elements were determined monthly throughout a year for the edible portion of short-neck clams, Tapes japonica, being caught at Aio in Yamaguchi Prefecture from April of 1977 to April of 1978. Results obtained were as follows.
    The seasonal variation throughout the year in the contents of moisture, proteins, lipids, and ash is small, while that of carbohydrates is large. The coefficient of the variation in the content of carbohydrates is 51%, and the content increased from April to July when shortneck clams seemed to be in season, and decreased rapidly thereafter. The total amount of the content of carbohydrates and moisture is nearly constant throughout the year.
    The patterns of the seasonal variation of Fe, Mg, and Na contents are similar to that of the ash content. The characteristics of the pattern consisted in the increase from late autumn to winter, when the growth of short-neck clams stops. The Ca content is nearly constant throughout the year. The content of P varies in the opposite direction to that of K, that is, in October the P content has a maximum value, while the K content has a minimum one.
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  • Toshio TAKEUCHI, Shigeru ARAI, Takeshi WATANABE, Yaichiro SHIMMA
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 345-353
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Feeding experiments were conducted to determine the EFA requirement of eel by feeding them with various diets containing both 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3 in different ratios. In addition, the growth effect of ω3HUFA (a mixture of 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3) was compared with that of 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3. The fat-free and the EFA-deficient diets resulted in retarded growth and low feed efficiency. Tha addition of either 18:2ω6 or 18:3ω3 to the diets improved growth, 18:3ω3 being the more effective. However, the best weight gain was obtained in the fish receiving a diet containing both 0.5% 18:2ω6 and 0.5% 18:3ω3 and the growth rate was almost comparable to that of the control diet containing a mixed oil of corn oil and pollock liver oil. The addition of ω3 fatty acids, not only 18:3ω3 but also ω3HUFA, to the EFA-deficient diet improved growth rate and feed efficiency and the supplemental effect of 1% ω3HUFA was almost the same as that of 1% 18:3ω3.
    Feeding the EFA-deficient diet resulted in raising the levels of the “ abnormal ”polyunsa-turated 20:3ω9 and monoethylenic fatty acid, 18:1. These levels were lowered by both ω6 and ω3 fatty acids. The conversion of 18:2ω6 into 20:4ω6 and 22:5ω6 or 18:3ω3 into 22:6ω3 was inhibited to a certain extent by dietary 18:3ω3 or 18:2ω6, respectively.
    Thus, the diet requirement of eel for 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3, respectively, was found to be around 0.5% of each, or 1% for 18:3ω3.
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  • Koji NAKAMURA, Haruka IIDA, Toshio TOKUNAGA
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 355-360
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Volatile compounds in the artificially oxidized sardine oil were analyzed in order to study the main components of the odor of the dried products. Forty three compounds were identified by means of distillation and cold trap method. Unlike vegetable oils, the stimulating odor in rancid sardine oil was mainly due to volatile compounds. Ethanal, propanal and propionic acid were abundant in quantity, and in addition to these, pent-1-en-3-ol, ethanol, acetic acid, butanal, pentenal and like substance were also concerned in the odor.
    In the present study, the direct analysis of odor was tested by the combination of cold trap and GC-MS analysis. Alcohol, hydrocarbons and like substance, which are difficult to detect by other methods, were easily detected by the above one.
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  • Takeshi WATANABE, Akihiro MURAKAMI, Levien TAKEUCHI, Takeshi NOSE, Chi ...
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 361-367
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, held in freshwater and weighing an average of 1.5g, were fed purified diets containing different amounts of calcium and phosphorus for 7 weeks. The growth rate correlated positively with dietary phosphorus levels but not with calcium levels. Feeding a low-phosphorus diet resulted in reduced growth, low feed conversion and insufficient development of the bones. Dietary phosphorus levels greatly affected the ash, calcium and phosphorus contents of the bones. The available phosphorus level in a diet producing the maximal growth and the normal development of bones was found to be 0.5-0.6%, when the rearing water contained an adequate amount of calcium.
    The results obtained with fish fed diets containing white fish meal as a protein source also demonstrated that the availability to chum salmon of the phosphorus contained in the fish meal was relatively high. Thus the supplementation of the diets containing this fish meal with primary sodium phosphate resulted in no acceleration of the growth response of the fish.
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  • Takeshi TAGUCHI, Kazuo KIKUCHI, Munehiko TANAKA, Kosaku SUZUKI
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 369-372
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Some factors affecting the formation of canned mackerel adhesion were examined. The formation of adhesion was influenced by the freshness of the raw meat. During the heat processing, the most noticeable adhesion occurred near 60°C internal temperature. The addition of salts brought about remarkable changes in the amount of ground meat adhesion formation, the increase by 2.5% NaCl+0.2% pyrophosphate and the depression by 2.5% NaCl+0.1%CaCl2. In the case of canned mackerel, a similar tendency was observed. When the packed No.3 cans were per-heated at 30°C, the amount of adhesion increased up to 1 h . Unber these conditions the preventive effect on the adhesion formation was 90% by the addition of CaCl2 and about 80% by calcium lactate.
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  • Chiaki KOIZUMI, Junsaku NONAKA
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 373-380
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Ferrihemochrome-forming nitrogenous bases, such as imidazole, 5(4)-aminoimidazole-4(5)-carboxamide (AICA), and amino acid derivatives were tested for their ability to develop a pink color using a fish sausage model in order to seek substitutes for nitrite in meat curing.
    When 40mM of imidazole and 0.1% of bromate were added, the model developed a reddish-pink color with slightly orange tint. An antioxidant protected the developed color from fading on the surface portion of the model during storage at 50°C. In the presence of 0.05% of bromate, 20mM of AICA caused the development of a reddish-purple color. In combination with either 40mM of imidazole, carnosine, tyrosine ethyl ester, or phenylalanine ethyl ester, AICA produced a bright red color in the model which was slightly less in intensity than that developed with nitrite and ascorbate. The developed color was stable to fading during 7 days of storage at 50°C. Ferrihemochromes, derived from denatured myoglobin and the above-mentioned nitrogenous bases, were considered responsible for the red hue of the model.
    The reaction of AICA with urea denatured myoglobin was also examined spectrophotometrically in phosphate buffer solution.
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  • Yoshito TANAKA, Teruhisa KATAYAMA
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 381-383
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A new aromatic carotenoed isolated from sea aponge, Tedania digitata, is proposed to be 3-hydroxy-7, 8-didehydro-β, ?? -carotene. The name isotedaniaxanthin was proposed for this carotenoid.
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  • Chinkichi OGINO
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 385-388
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The protein requirement to give the maximum protein retention was determined with carp, Cyprinus carpio, and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, by the following two methods, 1) the nitrogen balance determinations at the different nitrogen intake (carp) and 2) the determinations of the carcass-nitrogen increments when these fish were fed on the diets containing the proteins with high biological values. The protein requirement determined with these two methods was 12-13g/kg body weight/day and there was no appreciable difference between carp and rainbow trout. The value was almost equal to that of the swine of 10kg body weight and lower than that of broiler chickens. The dietary protein levels required for the maximum protein retention decreased with increase in the feeding rate, namely, when the feeding rate increased from 2.5% to 3.5% of the body weight, the protein level for the maximum retention decreased from around 50% to 35%. These results indicate that the optimum protein content in the diets of carp and rainbow trout is from 35% to 50% under the conditions of various feeding rates.
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  • K. S. CHUNG
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 389
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • K. S. CHUNG
    1980 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 391
    Published: March 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
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