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Volume 4, Issue 1
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Tasae KAWAKAMI1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 1-5
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (267K) -
III. The Nephelometric Analysis of Zinc an its DistributionYarokurô YAMAMURA1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 6-8
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe part which zinc plays in organisms have been shown by several authors such as MENDEL and BRADLEY, 1) who found that zinc in Sycotypus canalicalatus is an essential constituent of the respiratory protein, “hemosycotypin”, RAULIN2) and JAVILLIER, 3) who confirmed the favorable stimulatory influence of minute quantities of zinc on the growth of some micro-organisms. BIRCENER4) has estimated the zinc content of a number of food products. BODANSKY5) and SEVERY6) made a study of zinc content of several different marine animals.
In the nephelometric method of zinc analysis FAIRHALL and RICHARDSON, 7) determined recently the most favorable condition in respect of the acidity, the salt concentration or the time of standing, for the development of opalescence of zinc ferrocyanide. Taking these favorable condition, into account, the present author have made a little modification for the separation of zinc from other metals such as iron, manganese and copper, which constantly occur in the biological material and interfere the opalescence of zinc ferrocyanide. Excess of NaOH in the presence of NH4Cl gives gelatinous precipitates of the above three metals, but does not of zinc hydroxide. The modified method, which is based upon this fact, is as follows :
Dissolve the ash of biological material obtained by heating with cone. H2SO
4 and 30% H2O2 in a little HCl and hot water. Transfer it into a cylinder and add a few drops of saturated NH4Cl solution and excess of cone. NaOH solution, until no more gelatinous pre-cipitate is evolved. After standing a few hours, filter the metal hydroxide off. Wash well the precipitate with NaOH solution. Concentrate the all filtrate to about 20 c.c. Filter again if necessary. Add excess of SH2 containing water and heat in boiling water for just 10 minutes. Filter out the zinc sulfide and wash well with SH2 containing water. Dissolve the sulfide in 2 c.c. of n HCl. Transfer it to a 25 c.c. mess-cylinder filling to about 20 c.c. by distilled water. Then add 1 c.c. of 1% K4Fe(CN)6. Fill up by distilled water to a mark and mix it well. Compare after 20 minutes the turbidity thus evolved in a nephelometer with a standard, containing 0.5mg of zinc, treated just the same as sample. The acidity of the resulted solution is 10-2.3, at which the max. of opalescence of Zn-ferrocyanide appears. The salt concentration, like as KCl, also influences the opalescence, but in this case it may be disregarded, as its concentration becomes always constant. Standard solution was made by dissolving 0.3724g. of well dried zinc lactate in a little quantity of HCl and filling up to 1 litre by dis-tilled water, 1 c.c. of the solution contains 0.1mg. of Zn. The blind test is always necessary. Results are presented in Table 1, showing the recovery of zinc from solutions containing known amount of this element.
By using the foregoing method the zinc content of ten kinds of food-organisms for fish mentioned in previous papers (I, II) was analyzed and the data is summarized in Table 2.View full abstractDownload PDF (244K) -
Kiyoshi SHIMADA1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 9-14
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe fish can digest food in winter, even though the temperature of its body is nearly as low as that of the environment during that season, the difference between the two being less than 1°C. It may be expected, therefore, that the digestive ferments of the fish are more active at lower temperatures than is the case with those of warm-blooded animals. But the literature is not consistent on this point. The optimum temperature for the digestive ferments of several kinds of fishes has been reported to be above 40°C by various authors, such as LUCHAN, RICHET and MOURRUT, OYA and SHIMADA, OYA and HATANAKA, MACHIDA, OYA and YOKOTA, and OYA and HARADA. On the other hand, certain temperatures below 40°C have been Shown to be the best for the activity of the ferments in question of some fishes by FICK and MURISIER, HOPPE-SEYLER, KNAUTHE, CHESLEY, OSHIMA and SASAKI, OYA and KAWAKAMI, and RAKOCZY. The question naturally arises as to whether or not such discrepancy is due to degree of lowness of the temperature of the water, in which the examined animals live, from that of the body of the warm-blooded animals. Casting about for fish which lives in water far colder than the body of birds or mammals, the cod, Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas), was chosen.View full abstractDownload PDF (377K) -
I. Air Tightness of the Piston RingSetsuo OOMORI1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 15-20
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAir tightness of the piston rings for the Semi-Diesel engines made in Japan was tested.
The testing apparatus consisted of a specially designed short cylinder and a piston with three ring grooves, and the top space of the cylinder was connected with two air bottles by a steel pipe through a stop valve as shown in the annexed figure.
In each test the air bottles were first charged with a pressure of 25kg. per sq. cm. by an air compressor, and then opening the stop valve the pressure drop in the top space of the cylinder was recorded with a self-recording pressure gauge. The pressures in the annular spaces between the cylinder and the piston were indicated by common pressure gauges fitted in each position. The pressure gauges were all of Bourdon tube type.
Tests were made in two different ways: firstly, with one piston ring only, and secondly, with three rings together; and in order to determine the influence of degree of polishing on the air leakage through the cylinder and the under surface or the circumferential outside surface of the ring, both surfaces of the ring were tested in two grades of finish, one being the ordinary machine finishing done by the manufacturer and the other being an additional oil stone grinding by the author.
Moreover the influence of the joint gap was tested, taking some different dimensions of the gap from about 1.8mm up to the knock pin diameter as large as 16mm.View full abstractDownload PDF (408K) -
Yonesaku NAGATA1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 21-23
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe visceral juice obtained from all viscera except gonads of the herring (Clupea pallasii C.& V.) was found to have remarkable proteolytic action on the muscle suspension of the same. The proteolysis in question decreased with increase of concentration of NaCl added to the mixture but it was still observable with the salt concentration as high as 21% (Figs. 1 and 2). This finding accounts for the fact that when the fish is salted with all the viscera intact, its quality soon turns worse than that of the viscerate salted one.View full abstractDownload PDF (189K) -
Kyuzo HATA, Seiji KOKUBO1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 24-30
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper refers to the results of twenty five regular observations made during the period from January to December, 1931. Importance has been attached to the study of seasonal change of the factors.
The investigation revealed that the highest temperatures of the surface and bottom were 27.8° (Aug. 26) and 10.9° (Oct. 5-15) respectively, while the lowest temperatures of these layers were respectively 1.0° (Jan. 30) and 3.7° (Jan. 30). The layer of discontinuity ranged at first between 6 meters and 12 meters from late May onwards, its uppermost limit reaching, in August, the two meter layer. The lowest limit of the layer of discontinuity reached bottom by mid-September, showing that there is no hypolimnion in this lake.
According to the oxygen estimation the water layer above 6-8 meter might be called a tropholytic layer. As is usually the case with eutrophic lakes the bottom water of this lake occasionally loses its oxygen during summer. Over saturation of 102% was found only once at the 6 meter layer in May, suggesting the vegetation of phytoplankton at that season.
The pH of this lake ranged around 6.25-7.0 at all seasons and depths. As observed by MIYADI (1929) and YOSHIMURA (1931) in several of the lakes of Japan the vertical distribution of pH in this lake also showed a salient feature, i.e. in summer the pH of the bottom is slightly but steadily higher than that in the layer just above the bottom. For the reason of this phenomenon it is referred to the interpretations given by MIYADI (1929) and YOSHIMURA (1931).View full abstractDownload PDF (545K) -
Takasi INO1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 31-36
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCellana toreuma (Reeve) is a very common Japanese littoral limpet which is distributed from Hokkaidô to Ryûkyû. The present paper deals with its shell variations in relation to its environments, especially to the level of its habitat and to the roughness of the coastal waves to which it is exposed. The variations in question were studied by determining two ratios, namely, Length/Height (L/H) and Length/Breadth (L/B) of the shell with the following results: -
1. The value of L/B is larger in the high water limpet than in the low water one and that of L/H is smaller in the former than in the latter.
2. When we compare limpets which live at high level, exposed to rougher waves with those which are found at equal level but on calmer shore, it is found that the value of L/H is smaller in the former than in the latter, but the reverse is the case with that of L/B. In other words, the shell is more highly spired and more circular at rough water than at calm water.
3. For this reason, we can hardly find the difference due to the level of the habitat of those limpets which are not subjected to rougher waves.
4. The limpet that rows on a rough surface of the rock has rough shell and the one that grows on a smooth surface has smooth shell. Since the lower the level, the rougher the rock-surface, the low water limpets are, generally saying, roughly sculptured and the, high water ones smoothly.View full abstractDownload PDF (555K) -
Yasuo SUYEHIRO1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 37-44
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present work was undertaken to study the morphology of the digestive system and the feeding habit of the Japanese flying fish, Cypselurus agoo. 117 adult specimens collected at many localities and in various seasons, as are shown in the Table I, were used for the study.
The mouth is small and situated terminal. Denticles on both jaws and on the tongue are merely of villiform structure, while those on the inner surface of the yharyngeal bone are rather well developed and pointed like small spear heads (Pl. 1 Fig. 4). The digestive tract pursues in a straight course from the oesopbagus to the anus through the body cavity (Pl. 1 Fig. 1); the stomach is not discernible as such macroscopically and even microscopically; pyloric appendages are entirely wanting. Such intestinal type as this is included in the category A-the most primitive type-of JACOBSSHAGEN1). However, the intestinal mucous membrane is well developed and its absorption area is so much increased by folds and ridges that the intestine may be efficacious several times as much as is considered merely by its length.
The food, as is shown by the Table 2, consists of macro-zoo plankton of tropical and oceanic nature, and it is not rare to find nothing of food remains except mucilage in the intestinal content. The fact may indicate that the food of the fish is quickly digested.
Those particular features, such as the straight course of the digestive tract, the absence of stomach and pyloric appendages and the quick digestion of food, may be counted as an ingenious device, as in the case of the bird, to lighten the body weight of the fish, and they together with the very long pectoral fins are structural adaptation in favour of its aerial flight.View full abstractDownload PDF (927K) -
Michio UNO1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 45-46
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS3084 individuals of drift-net skipper were collected from 7 fishing grounds from September 24th, 1934 to January 12th, 1935. Of all of them, the body length and weight were measured and the age was determined by counting the winter rings on scales, and the sex and maturity were determined on 2170 individuals of them. We know that:
(1) The drift-net skipper was composed of the III and IV age groups. The IV age fish amounted to 49-66% in the water off Iwate and Ibaragi Prefs. from Sept. 24th to Nov. 11th, and to 8-25% off Tiba and Mie Prefs. from Nov. 20th to Jan. 12th.
(2) The sex composition was nearly constant (1:1). The spawning fish amounted to 1% in the water off north-east of Iwate in Sept. to 18-35% off Iwate and Ibaragi from Oct. 13th to Nov. 11th, and diminished to 6% off Tiba Pref. on Nov. 20-24th due to immigration of the III age immature fish, but it was increased thereafter to 98% in the water off Mie Pref. in Jan.
(3) The spawning mark was observed in the most of rings from IV age fish. This fact shows that the most of IV age fish performed the first spawning in the last season.
(4) The body length of III age fish was ranging from 21.3cm to 27.8cm and that of IV age fish from 26.1cm to 31.8cm.View full abstractDownload PDF (136K) -
Kiyohie MIYOSI1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 47-53
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to know the influences of the quantity of flow, the temperature of water, etc. upon the ascent of fish-way by Plecoglossus altivelis, the values of probability of accidental coincidence and of probabilily of actual coincidence between several pairs of cases were calculated from the records of the number of ascent for unit time and those of the quantity of flow, the tempera-ture, the transparency of water and the meteorological conditions at each o'clock in daytime. Namely to know, for example, the influence of temperature, between : -
I the case in which the number of ascent is larger than the mean and the case in which the temperature is higher than the mean;
II the case in which the number of ascent is smaller than the mean and the case in which the temperature is lower than the mean;
III the case in which the number of ascent is smaller than the mean and the case in which the temperature is higher than the mean;
IV the case in which the number of ascent is larger than the mean and the case in which the temperature is lower than the mean.
Fairly systematic influences of the quantity of flow, the temperature of water, etc. upon the ascent of fish-way by Plecoglossus altivelis are recognizable, when the probabilities of actual coincidences are compared with those of accidental ones.View full abstractDownload PDF (426K) -
Daily Records in 1933 and '34Kinosuke KIMURA1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 54-60
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA continuous series of daily records of hydrographicai elements near Awasima Isie in 1933 and '34 is analysed, the course of a year being divided into two periods.
Convection period, from mid-April to early October. Temperature and salinity are equalized at the surface and at 25m. Toward the end of the period, as the effect of vertical convection reaches deepest in the year, salinity becomes highest, while temperature lowest, and trans-parency of water, which was maximum from late Nov. to early Feb., suddenly becomes lowest by the stirring up of the bottom deposits with turbulence. Current is generally very weak, but occasionally, perhaps three times in the period, strong currents along the coast are caused by the warm Kurosiwo water running into the region and changing remarkably temperature, salinity, transparency etc. They may be called year-end (late Nov. to early Dec.), winter (late Jan. to early Feb.) and spring (late March to April) strong currents, respectively.
Stratification period, the rest parts of the year. Temperature is higher and salinity lower in the upper than in the deeper layer, with great stability of whole water mass. Salinity in the surface layer is lowered by the great precipitation in summer, and at 25m it becomes minimum in the average value toward the end of this period to the beginning of the next convection period. Stratification in temperature, in summer, is so sharp that the surface becomes warmer by 10°C than the layer at 25m. When the upwelling is resulted by the excess inflow of the cold bottom water, surface temperature is depressed to about 20°C, even when the air temperature is about 30°C. Turbid water, which River Kano discharges, chiefly lowers the transparency in this period. Hydrographic conditions are entirely changed when the current carries such water into the region.
Plankton outbursts from April to May, is extremely diminished in August and increased once more in autumn.View full abstractDownload PDF (484K) -
Mititaka UDA1935 Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 61-65
Published: May 15, 1935
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOwing to the lack of observations both of the accurate depth d and of temperature θ of the layer in which tunnies off the Pacific coasts of Japan are angled with long-lines, the catch has customarily been discussed, reference being made only to the surface temperature θ0.
From July to Dec. 1930, off the North-eastern Japan, and from Dec. 1930 to March 1931, off south to Bôsyû, several fishery research boats carried out the said observations for the tunny, including Thunnus thunnus L., Thunnus alalunga (Gmelin), Parathunnus sibi (T. & S.) and Germo macropterus (T. & S.). Their reports enabled the writer to examine the difference between the distributions of total catch N as well as of the frequency of catch f, referred to the temperature θ and those referred to θ0.
Off the North-eastern Japan, both N and f show the mode at 19-20°C of θ0, while at 18-19°C of θ (Fig. 1). Evidently the difference is due to the remarkable stratification of the water in temperature during summer time. No definite explanation can be given to the appearance of a secondary mode at 13-15°C of θ. Off south, to Bôsyû, both the mode of f at 19-20°C and of n (=N/f) at 17-19°C are not changed in θ and θ0, showing that the stratification in temperature is but slight during winter (Fig. 2).
Estimation, if not very accurate, of θ without direct observation can yet be made by calculating preliminarily the value of θ0-θ from other serial observations of temperature for each region and for each month, provided d is known. From the records ofθ0, submitted by a fishing company “Tôkai-Enyô Kabusiki Kwaisya, ” for Thunnus alalunga (Gxmelin) off south to Bosyû in 1930, θ was calculated in such a way as just stated, with the result that the mode of N lies att about 18°C, d having been taken as 50-100m or 100m (Fig. 3 a). Remarkably enough, the variation of N in θ is much smaller than that in θ0. A mode at the same temperature is seen in the frequency distribution of θ, at which the catch was maximum in every month (Fig. 3 b) Some other records were also treated similarly and again the mode of N at 18°C was obtained.View full abstractDownload PDF (414K)
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