NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI
Online ISSN : 1349-998X
Print ISSN : 0021-5392
ISSN-L : 0021-5392
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Volume 70, Issue 5
Displaying 1-34 of 34 articles from this issue
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  • Validation of daily-formed growth increments on the shell surface of the young giant abalone, Haliotis madaka
    HIDEMIKI TSUIKI, NAOYUKI TAKIGUCHI, TAKASHI YAMAKAWA, ICHIRO AOKI
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 682-686
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.682
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    To validate the daily formation of growth increments on the shell surface of the giant abalone, Haliotis madaka, double time-reference marks were incorporated on the shells of the juvenile abalones reared in aquaria by immersing the abalones in alizarin complexone (ALC) solution at an interval of 14 days. Double fluorescent marks of ALC were observed on the cross section of the shells under fluorescent microscopy. The mean number of growth increments on the shell surface between the two marks was 13.7 (N = 21, S.D. = 1.7), which corresponds with the time interval in days between the two marks. Release-and-recapture experiments into the natural sea showed that the shell lengths at release estimated by counting growth increments from the edge toward the apex of the shell of recaptured juveniles were in accordance with the actual shell lengths at release. It was concluded that the growth increments on the shell surface of the abalone were formed daily.
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  • Pyrene decomposing yeasts collected from sea water of Tokyo Bay
    HUIFENG REN, SATOSHI ZANMA, NAOTO URANO, HIDEAKI ENDO, SHIGERU MINEKI, ...
    Article type: Others
    Subject area: Others
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 687-692
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.687
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    Microbes which degrade pyrene, one of the major poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were searched for in seawater of Tokyo Bay as the first step of bioremediation for PAHs in the marine environment. The isolated microbes were classified to be yeasts, Dekkera bruxellensis and Candida sp., by a series of physiological identification tests. Pyrene (4μg/mL suspension, 50 times as much pyrene of saturated concentration to the media) was degraded to 38% in 5 weeks in an open system. On the other hand, pyrene concentration in the control (cells were autoclaved) stayed at exactly the same level in a closed system in 5 weeks, and decreased to 68% in the open system in the same time period. From these experimental results it can be concluded that the difference in pyrene concentration in the open system with and without yeasts (30% of original concentration) showed the amount degraded by yeasts. The degradation rate of the yeasts was calculated as 1.4-4.0×10-9μg/CFU·h-1.
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  • Spawning behavior of shira-uo Salangichthys microdon in captivity
    MOTOHITO YAMAGUCHI, TAKASHI FUJIOKA, TOSHIRO SARUWATARI, MICHIO OMORI
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 693-698
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.693
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    Video recordings of the behavior of 50 adult shira-uo Salangichthys microdon in an aquarium were analyzed to reveal their spawning behavior. Shira-uo showed unique spawning behavior that a pair shake their bodies, with the male sticking his gonopore into the female's one using the anal fin scales as a sucker. The mating behavior was that a female descended from the usual circular swimming in the upper layer to the bottom layer, males checking each other there crowded around the female and exchanged body charges to compete for the female, and a pair formed as a result of the male-male competition. The paired female led the male upward, and they spawned and ejaculated. However the pair did not always succeed in spawning and ejaculation and the low success rate may be due to the female's choice of mate. Furthermore, it was suggested that the female repeatedly spawned a small number of eggs with every spawning success by reiterating the process of mating.
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  • An application of a Bayesian model as an auxiliary method for analyzing growth
    SHUHEI OHNISHI, KATSUHIRO KISO
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 699-705
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.699
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    Before constructing growth formulae with time-varying growth coefficient, the gain in body length should be examined using data. For this purpose, it is necessary to apply an auxiliary analysis model while constraining the fluctuation of body expansion in time. This paper presents an analysis model which has a flexible fitness for the fluctuation in length. In general, the time-varying growth coefficient has been described by a periodic function. On the contrary, we employed the first-order differences of growth coefficient, which follows the probability distribution. Here, we describe the parameter estimation and model selection based on Bayes' Theorem and Marginal Likelihood. In order to compare the result of the Bayesian approach with that given by the conventional way, we introduced the body length data of masu salmon. In a case where only unreliable growth information has been obtained, it is necessary to extract the biological characters from data, which is useful for model exploration and construction. Through the auxiliary utilization of the Bayesian model, the biological features related to the complicated mechanism of growth may be specified.
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  • Hooking Mortality and Growth of Caught and Released Japanese Charr Salvelinus leucomaenis and Masu Salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou in Experiment Ponds
    TAKAHIDE DOI, TOMOYUKI NAKAMURA, MASASHI YOKOTA, TAKASHI MARUYAMA, SEI ...
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 706-713
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.706
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    Mortality and growth of Japanese charr Salvelinus leucomaenis and masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou after catch and release were examined in experimental ponds, using hatchery-reared fish divided into smaller (<15 cm in total length) and larger (>15 cm) size groups. When the hooks stuck in the mouth and were removed for both species, the mortality within 21 days after catch and release was low (0-15.0%) for each size and fishing gear (bait and fly-fishing, using barbed hooks). When hooks in bait fishing were removed from the esophagus, mortalities were relatively high (66.7% in the smaller sized charr and 45.0% in the larger sized salmon). All the fish of both species and both size groups were alive when the hooks in fly-fishing were removed from the mouth, however the mortality was relatively high (40.0%) when the hooks were not removed from the mouth of the larger sized charr. Of all the fish that died, 63.0 and 98.1% died within 3 and 14 days after catch and release, respectively. There was no negative effect of the catch and release on the growth and condition factor of both species and both size groups. These results suggest that catch and release is effective for conserving Japanese charr and masu salmon populations in rivers and lakes when anglers pay attention to the removal of hooks.
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  • Age and growth of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus from the coastal waters around Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, using transverse sections of otoliths
    SHIN ATSUCHI, YASUJI MASUDA, HIROSHI AKAMO, KATSUO IORI
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 714-721
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.714
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    The ages of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus sampled from the coastal waters around Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan were determined from 1,009 transverse sections of otoliths. The monthly changes in the percentages of sectioned otoliths with opaque margin revealed that one annulus was formed per year during December to April. Assuming a birth date of February 1 from the monthly change of gonadosomatic indices, ages were assigned to every individual according to the number of opaque zones, and then fitted to the von Bertalanffy growth equations. Estimated equations were Lt = 547.0{1−exp[−0.524(t + 0.742)]} for males, and Lt = 844.0{1−exp[−0.284(t + 0.789)]} for females, where t is age (year) and Lt is total length (mm) at age t. These two equations were significantly different (p<0.01) and the total length of females calculated from the equation was larger than that of males except at 1 year old. Growth of released fish did not differ from that of the wild fish in both sexes and the maximum age observed was 18 years for males and 13 years for females. Samples collected from Kagoshima Prefecture showed a higher growth rate than those from the northern Sanriku, Japan.
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  • Artificial midlayer seafloor: simple and new devices to reduce organic loads from oyster rafts to the sediment
    OSAMU KAWAGUCHI, TAMIJI YAMAMOTO, OSAMU MATSUDA, TOSHIYA HASHIMOTO, HA ...
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 722-727
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.722
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    Oyster culture is intensively carried out in Hiroshima Bay, Japan, causing massive sedimentation of oyster faeces/pseudofaeces which degrade the sediments under the oyster rafts and sometimes induce oxygen-depleted water through decomposition of the organic matter. In the present study, we tried to reduce the organic load from the cultured oysters deposited on the seafloor by hanging an artificial midlayer seafloor that traps some of the sinking organic particles before they reach the seafloor. The artificial seafloors are suspended in the midlayer so that the organic matter decomposes in the aerobic condition. Three kinds of artificial seafloor which were made of oyster shell, bamboocharcoal, and particle-filtering mat were tested. Monitoring for 69 days showed that the number of benthic animals increased and decomposed organic matter along with bacterial decomposition on the artificial seafloors. Budget analyses of organic matter revealed that the artificial midlayer seafloor made of oyster shell was most efficient to reduce the organic load from the cultured oysters above, showing the highest decomposition rate of 6.6% in 69 days. The devices proposed in this study will support the future sustainability of oyster culture by accelerating the natural self-purification ability.
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  • Ghost-fishing ability decreasing over time for lost bottom-gillnet and estimation of total number of mortality
    TOSHIKO NAKASHIMA, TATSURO MATSUOKA
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 728-737
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.728
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    The ghost-fishing ability descending over time and ghost-fishing mortality were quantitatively evaluated for a lost bottom-gillnet. Three experiments were conducted for a maximum period of 1,689 days since deployment of a net. The number of ghost-fishing mortalities per day per net was determined by underwater observation of enmeshed fish on two consecutive days. Mortalities were recorded continuously around the start of experiments and intermittently during the following period. The consistent faunal character around the net was confirmed and the number of mortalities was assumed to reflect the change in the ghost-fishing ability of the net. The decline in ghost-fishing ability over time was represented by a sum of two formulae, which reflect two ghost-fishing factors effective respectively for short and long periods of time. From this analysis, the effective ghost-fishing duration which was defined as the time elapsed to the day when the value of the equation declines to 5 percent of the original fishing ability of the net was 142 days during which the total number of ghost-fishing mortalities was 455 fish. Ghost fishing for red sea bream, Pagrus major and jack, Decapterus sp. occurred in the first short period and for filefish Stephanolepis cirrhifer, over a longer period.
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  • By-catch and discards of marketable species for small-scale trawler in Ariake Sea
    YOSHIO HIRAI, HIDEYUKI NISHINOKUBI
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 738-744
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.738
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    Fourteen experiments were carried out to estimate quantitatively the actual conditions of discards of by-catch for marketable species from a small-scale trawl fishery in the Ariake Sea. The length and weight of catch were measured and the number and weight of discards were calculated. The results showed that the percentage of the catch of marketable species in weight was an average of 67.4 percent of the total amount of catch and the individuals of discard size in marketable species occupies about 30 percent of the catch weight in that. The discard percentage of marketable species to the total discards in weight was 39.3 percent on the average. Among the discarded fish, frog flounder Pleuronichthys cornutus, the target species was yielded significantly with the average of 38.5 percent of total discard weight in marketable species. The percentage of the discard number to the catch number of frog flounder was much higher in the summer than in the winter with an average of 76.1 percent.
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  • Effects of water flow and water temperature on the growth of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and largemouth bass M. salmoides
    TOMOYUKI NAKAMURA, OSAMU KATANO, SHOICHIRO YAMAMOTO
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 745-749
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.745
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    The effects of water flow and water temperature on the growth of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and largemouth bass M. salmoides were examined during 14-day replicate trials in artificial ponds between July and September 2001. No significant difference was observed in the specific growth rate in body weight of both smallmouth bass and largemouth bass between the ponds with water flowing and those without water flowing when prey fish were given. The ratio of growth rate of smallmouth bass to largemouth bass was significantly larger in the experimental periods when the water temperature in the ponds was relatively low (21.5-24.0°C). When no prey fish was given, largemouth bass showed a significantly larger reduction in the growth rate in ponds with water flowing, although no significant difference was observed in the growth rate of smallmouth bass between the ponds with water flowing and those without water flowing. The results show that smallmouth bass has a relatively higher adaptability to water flow and low water temperature than largemouth bass.
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  • Distribution and morphological maturation size of the snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio in the southwest area of the Okhotsk Sea in summer
    TAKASHI YANAGIMOTO, IKUKO YOSHO, KAZUTOSHI WATANABE
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 750-757
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.750
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    Bottom trawl surveys were conducted over four consecutive summer seasons, 1997∼2000, to collect the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio in the southwestern area of the Sea of Okhotsk. Almost all snow crabs were collected from depths of 100∼300 m, and especially high densities at the depth range of 150∼200 m. Few individuals occurred deeper than 300 m deep. Males and females were larger with greater depths. The range of bottom temperature at the stations where the snow crabs were collected was between −0.96 and 6.00°C, and the temperature of stations where more than 500 individuals/km2 were estimated was between −0.96 and 5.77°C. The size at which 50 percent of individuals had finished the terminal molt was estimated at 106.0 mm and 63.4 mm in carapace width for males and females, respectively.
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  • Effect of water temperature on the protein digestibility of extruded pellet, single moist pellet and Oregon moist pellet in one-year-old yellowtail
    KOH-ICHI SATOH, KEISUKE KIMOTO, ETSUHISA HITAKA
    2004 Volume 70 Issue 5 Pages 758-763
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: July 08, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.758
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    Post-feeding changes of apparent protein digestibility (APD) and gastric digesta contents in one-year-old yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata fed extruded pellets (EP), single moist pellets (SMP), and Oregon moist pellets (OMP) were compared to estimate the protein digestibility (EPD) of those diets between seasons.
    APD of OMP were constant at 85-90% irrespective of the season and post-feeding time. APD of EP and SMP were 65-80% at the earlier time of post-feeding and 80-90% at the later time. In fish fed SMP, however, APD decreased in low temperature seasons. Gastric evacuation rates were slower in fish fed EP than in fish fed SMP and OMP throughout the seasons. Protein digestibility values estimated based on post-feeding changes of gastric digesta contents and APD were about 86-89% in fish fed OMP during all seasons. Though those values of fish fed EP were relatively high (83-84%) in low-temperature seasons (December and March), those values decreased from 84% to 69% in fish fed SMP as water temperature fell. These results indicate that EPD of SMP is lower than OMP for one-year-old yellowtail during the low-water-temperature periods, while that of EP is identical to OMP.
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