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Volume 33, Issue 5
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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On the Tensions on Head Line and Foot RopeTokuro NONODA1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 385-391
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
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Seiji MIGITA1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 392-398
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe sexual reproduction and auxospore formation of Centrales had been misinterpreted for a long time. It was believed until recently that auxospore formation had no connection with sexual reproduction. More recently, however, STOSCH2) demonstrated oogamy clearly in Melosira varians for the first time, and since then STOSCH4-8) and GEITLER9, 10) studied the sexual reproduction in many marine Centrales.
In this work, the author observed the sexual reproduction of Skeletonema costatum in axenic culture, and the following results were obtained.
1. When the narrow filamentous colonies of Skeletonema less than 5-6μ in breadth were cultured at the temperature of 17-23°C, formation of spermatogonia and oogonia was observed.
2. The spermatogonia are produced after 1 or 2 cell-divisions of vegetative cells, and four spermatozoa are formed in each spermatogonium. The spermatozoa are globular in shape, 3-3.5μ in diameter, poor in plastids, and they each have one flagellum being 7-10μ in length.
3. The oogonia are produced from vegetative cells by extension of the cells, and one egg cell is formed in each oogonium.
4. After fertilization, a zygote develops into an auxospore without any resting stage. The fully grown auxospore is generally about three times as large in diameter as the mother cell.
5. The spermatogonia and oogonia are produced in the same clone, and accordingly this species is monoecious.
6. The auxospore formation is found more abundantly at the temperature of 20°C than 15 or 25°C. The sex determination in this species is influenced by light intensity. Clones of vegetative cells produce female cells under strong light, but they produce only male cells under weak light.View full abstractDownload PDF (1905K) -
Hiroshi MAÉDA, Shiro MINAMI1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 399-404
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
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On the Copper Contents OystersKunio IKUTA1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 405-409
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is well known that aquatic organisms absorb and accumulate heavy metals in water environment, but we have no information on the mechanism of the absorption and accumulation of heavy metals and of their environmental factors affecting the absorption. When the concentration of the heavy metals in the water is under a certain limit, we can not observe any abnormal accumulation phenomenon, but when above a certain limit, we find abnormal accumulation. The study on green oysters is an instance showing the relations between the abnormal accumulation of heavy metals and industrial wastewaters containing heavy metals. The influence of the industrial wastewaters upon aquatic organisms has been discussed from the statistical, physiological, saprobiensystematic point of view, and the degree of the influence of the wastewater containing heavy metals has been done from the same point. The author is going to make clear the mechanism of absorption and accumulation of heavy metals in aquatic organisms and their environmental factors, furthermore a criteria of the influence of the wastewater containing heavy metals by determining their contents.
This paper deals with the copper-contents in the meat of oysters which were collected in Nobeoka Bay and it's neighboring water, Miyazaki Prefecture, from January to March, 1965. This experiment was carried out in order to prove the difference between the coppercontents in oyster caught in the southern coast of Nobeoka Bay (S-group) and those in the waters adjacent to Nobeoka Bay (N-group). The results are summarized as follows:
1) According to the mean value of the copper-contents in oysters caught at each sampling location, S-group is ranged from 320.2 to 686.8mg Cu/kg fresh body weight, and N-group is ranged from 40.0 to 99.4mg. Between the copper-contents of S-group and N-group the evident difference is seen at the significance of 0.1%.
2) It appears that one of the environmental factors making copper concentrated in the oysters of S-group is due to the copper being discharged into sea water by a Benberg factory and the exhausted mine gutter.
3) The copper-contents in oysters at Kojima are nearly equal to those of OKADA & MOTOHASHI'S results, but the concentration of copper in the sea water at the southern Nobeoka Bay differs extremely from their study.View full abstractDownload PDF (329K) -
Studies on the Fluctuation in the Abundance of Larval Sand-Lance in the Harima-Nada and Osaka Bay-IVRelation between the Number of Eggs and the Catch of 0-Age FishTakao HAMADA1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 410-416
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present paper deals with the relation between the number of eggs spawned and the fluctuation of the abundance of larval sand-lance in Harima-nada and Osaka Bay, using the data obtained between 1956 and 1966.
The following results were obtained,
1) The total length of adult fish measured during the spawning season was as follows,
1-age fish 81.6±8.1mm.
2-and 3-age fish 118.9±5.8mm.
In years when catch of adult was large the body length of 1-age fish was small.
2) The sex ratio of adult fish was considered to be 1:1.
The catch in weight was transformed into number of individuals by using the age-com-position and the mean body weight of each age-group; and then the relative number of eggs spawned was estimated using the sex ratio and fecundity of females in each age-group, based on the assumption that the fishing rate is constant every year.
3) The number of eggs spawned by 2-and 3-age fish occupies 63-95% (Av. 76%) of total number of eggs spawned.
4) A negative correlation between the above mentioned number of eggs spawned and 0-age individuals in catch was obtained, viz. r=-0.811.
This is expressed by the formula,
Y=2.459-0.608X.
(Where Y is log. of 0-age individuals in catch, and X is number of eggs spawned.)View full abstractDownload PDF (420K) -
Shiro KONAGAYA1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 417-420
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
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Effects of Environmental Factors on the Nitrite Formation of Cell Free Extracts of a Marine Nitrifying BacteriumYoichi YOSHIDA, Akira KAWAI, Masao KIMATA1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 421-425
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe cell free extracts of the marine nitrite former A 6 (almost pure culture) being prepared, effects of environmental factors on the nitrite formation of the extracts were examined, and the results were obtained, as follows:
1. By the cell free extracts, nitrites are formed from hydroxylamine but not from ammonia. Even in the former case, an amount of nitrites formed is only 40% of that of hydroxylamine added in the optimum condition.
2. The nitrite formation from hydroxylamine by cell free extracts as well as resting cells reduces scarcely with decreasing concentration of salts, although that from ammonia by resting cells reduces markedly as described in previous paper.
3. For the formation of nitrites, the optimum concentration of a substrate (hydroxylamine) is ca 0.3mM (ca 10mg/l), the optimum temperature is in the range of 50°C-55°C, and the optimum hydrogen ion concentration is around pH=8.5-8.7.View full abstractDownload PDF (359K) -
Distribution of Limnetic Nitrifying Bacteria in the Coastal RegionYoichi YOSHIDA, Akira KAWAI, Masao KIMATA1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 426-429
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe distribution of limnetic nitrifying bacteria in the bottom muds of the river and of the coastal region (Fig. 1) was examined, the media to count the limnetic ones being worked out. The results obtained are as follows:
In the upper stream and the estuarine zone of the river, comparatively large amount of limnetic nitrifying bacteria are distributed, i.e. 103-105 cells/g, but comparatively low counts of these bacteria are always detected even in the coastal region distanced from the mouth of the river, i.e. 101-102 cells/g.View full abstractDownload PDF (211K) -
Dialysable Peptidies Released by Pepsin Digestion of ElastoidinShigeru KIMURA, Minoru KUBOTA1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 430-431
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) About 23% of the elastoidin is digested by pepsin to small peptides permeable to dialyzing membrane. The dialysable peptides, consisting of the non-collagenous protein (about 20% of the elastoidin by weight) and the probable terminal region of the collagen molecule in elastoidin, have a characteristic amino acid composition, the remarkable amounts of tyrosine (29.1%) being one of the most unique characteristics of the non-collagenous protein.
2) Small amounts of hexose and hexosamine were present in the dialysable peptides, but most of these compounds found in the whole elastoidin fiber remained with the collagen fraction (PSE).
3) Although 3-chlorotyrosine could not be detected, four tyrosine derivatives in addition to tyrosine are found in hydrolysate of the dialysable peptides by paper chromatography. These results show that the peroxide linkages formed by oxidation of two tyrosine residues are not involved in the elastoidin, and the tyrosine derivatives derived from the non-collagenous protein are probably related to unusual cross linkages in elastoidin.
4) After successive treatment of the native elastoidin with pepsin, p-components appearing in the denatured state of the PSE were converted into a-components. This seems to indicate that the cross linkages in the PSE were situated in the terminal regions of the PSE.
The authors wish to thank Dr. M. SUYAMA, Ass. Prof. of Tokyo University of Fisheries for amino acid analysis, Mr. K. KANNA, Research Member of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory for the ultracentrifugal analysis, and Mr. S. FUTAMI for his technical assistance.View full abstractDownload PDF (1268K) -
Methods of Isolation and Enumeration of Aerobic β-1, 4'-Xylan-decomposing BacteriaHiroaki FUJISAWA, Masatada MURAKAMI, Moritsugu HAMADA, Hiroshi SERA1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 438-447
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVarious xylan-decomposing microorganisms are known to be widely distributed in the tertestrial environment. A number of organisms and the microbial xylanases have been studied microbiologically or enzymatically by many investigators. However, very little is known on the xylan-decomposing organisms isolated from the marine materials. Therefore, it appears of interest to investigate systematically the xylan-decomposing bacteria and the bacterial xy-lanases in the marine environment.
In the first instance of this series, the present investigation was undertaken to establish the optimum conditions for the isolation and enumeration of aerobic β-1, 4'-xylan-decomposing bacteria in the marine environment.
From results obtained (Tables 1-9), it was concluded that the most suitable methods for the isolation and enumeration of the xylan-decomposing bacteria from the marine materials, were as follows:
1. The medium was recommended, which contained 10g of β-1, 4'-xylan, 5g of peptone, 1g of yeast extract, (0.1g of ferric phosphate), 10g of agar and 1000ml of filtered sea water, and had a pH of 7.5 after autoclave sterilization.
2. The pour plate method was useful. Namely, every material was diluted successively by powers of 10 with sterilized sea water, and the inoculum diluted appropriately was poured in to the medium, and the inoculated medium was incubated at 25°C for 5 days. Then, among the colonies developed on the plate, the colony surrounded by a halo which was indicative of decomposition of xylan, was enumerated and isolated.View full abstractDownload PDF (1421K) -
Tetuo TOMIYAMA, Nobuyoshi OHBA1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 448-452
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was reported by PHILLIPS et al1) and HALVER2) that biotin is an indispensable vitamin for trout and salmon fingerlings which possess rather short intestine. Since biotin can be synthesized by intestinal microflora, it is of interest to study whether or not an oral intake of biotin is essential for such fish as the goldfish possessing rather a long intestine.
As judged from the growth response and increase in biotin level of hepatopancreas when biotin was supplemented, it is evident that the goldfish needs the oral intake of biotin. These data (Tables 3 and 4) suggest that the amount of biotin synthesized in the gut was not enough to meet its requirement. Furthermore, it was found that the supplementation of succinyl sulfathiazole to a biotin-deficient group made increase the biotin level of its liver comparable to that of control group with biotin (Table 4). This result indicates that a microfloral change in the gut due to the presence of this cocci-static agent resulted in an increase in biotin supply probably through either a greater biotin synthesis or a decrease in biotin consumption in the gut.View full abstractDownload PDF (337K) -
Yutaka FUJII1967 Volume 33 Issue 5 Pages 453-461
Published: May 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe perchloric acid extract of dried laver was fractionated by the procedure as shown in Fig. 1, and the fractions obtained were analyzed for nucleotides measuring Rf values in paperchromatography, absorption curves in ultraviolet region, and the others. Results were as follows.
1) Cytidylic acid, adenylic acid, uridylic acid and guanylic acid were conceived to be main nucleotides. Small amounts of di- or triphosphates, nucleosides and free bases were also detected.
2) It was ascertained that most of nucleotides in dried laver occurred in the form of 2'or 3'-nucleotides, the sugar component being ribose.
3) The contents of nucleotides was detemined to be 37-85 μmoles/g on the dry basis. It seems to be one of the foodstuffs richest in nucleotides.View full abstractDownload PDF (510K)
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